History of Anabolic Steroids Misuse and Drug Testing

History of Anabolic sex hormones Mis riding habit and Drug TestingIntroductionHistory of do medicines ridiculeDrug abuse in sport is non a recent issue. In Ancient Greece, the Olympic athletes utilise special diets (herbs,mushrooms and sesame seeds) to remediate their physical mathematical process. The gladiators in the Roman times, consumed stimulants to shorten play out.(1,2) S come to the foreh American Indians utilise coca leaves to upgrade stamina.(2)During the nineteenth century, drug abuse became a great problem. Caffeine, strychnine, alcohol, cocaine, opium, and type O were used by swimmers, runners and cyclists to annex performance.(1,2) In 1896, the cyclist Arthur Linton was the first reported fatality case in sport from strychnine intake which was administered by his coach.(1) subsequent on, in 1904, the runner Thomas Hicks, was near to death in Olympic Marathon in St Louis ground forces, from use of strychnine and brandy.(1)During the Second World War, amphe tamine consumption started by the armament to reduce their fatigue. In 1940s and 1950s, amphetamines substitute early(a) drugs in its use in sport.( became the choice over other drugs). (1)Reported deaths from amphetamine abuse was in 1964, the Danish cyclist knut Jensen at Rome Olympics died on the opening day of the games. In 1967, the British cyclist Tommy Simpson, at circuit de France, died from amphetamine abuse. After Simpsons death, the International Olympic Committee took an action and the first list of verboten substances was published in 1968.(1,3) In 1950s, a new class was clapperclawd by athletes and weightlifters to subjoin muscle coat and strength and this class named anabolic steroids(1) in 1964, there was suspect for use of anabolic steroid in summer Olympics in Tokyo due to the increase in muscle mass of the athletes.(3)Top scandals in drug abuse1. East German athletes(4,5,6)From 1972 to 1988, the East German which was a country of 17 million populations, wo n 20 to 40 favorable medals in 4 years and became a country competing the United States and Soviet Union. Manfred Ewald who was the vanguard of Olympic sport committee in East Ger more, and Dr. Manfred Hoeppner who was the sports doctor at that time, were responsible about giving the athletes out(p) substances intentionally without their knowledge. This results in severe complications in the athletes health such as liver dysfunction, cancer, hormonal changes and infertility.From 1966 and on, many doctors and coaches in East German follow a plan which was sponsored by the government known as systematic and overall doping in competitive sports. After the collapse of East German and Berlin Wall fall in 1989, many athletes confessed about the pills and injections that were given to them. Kornelia Ender, Barbara Krause and Carola Nitschke were three of the thousands of East German athletes who had provided with steroids. Heidi Kreiger was similarly one of the athletes that was provid ed with steroids heavily and this was the main reason that force her to make sex-alteration operation.2. Pan American Games in 1983IOC included tryoutosterone in the banned list in 1983 and it was the first endogenous substance to be tested at that time. The test was based on cadence the testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E) ratio. (1)The first drug testing for steroids was at the Pan America Games in Caracas and Venezuela in 1983. Around 15 athletes were caught at these games. Jeff Michaels, the American weightlifter, and Guy Greavette, the Canadian weightlifter, were tested lordly for steroids. They returned their medals and being suspended for 2 years. (5,7)Many athletes of the U.S track-and-field police squad withdrew from the game rather than being captured. (7)3. Ben Johnsons scandalIn 1988, the Canadian Ben Johnson was unfinished of his gold medal at 100 meters subsequently he has been tested overconfident for the anabolic steroid stanozolol at Seoul Olympics. Johnson has been banned from opposition for 2 years.(7)4. Michelle Smith the Irish swimmer(5,7)In 1998, the Olympic champion swimmer Michelle Smith was tested positive for banned substance at her home through out-of- ambition testing. The test was positive for alcohol in an amount that would be fatal if taken by an athlete. So FINA, the international governing body for swimming, concluded that the water system prove was extended with alcohol as a cover charge agent and Smith has been suspended for four years.5. Chinese swim team(5,7)The Chinese national swim team has been used anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and human growth endocrine in the belong 15 years. In 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 1994 world championships, china won a richly flake of gold medals. In world swimming championships, a world records was set by women swimmers, and this evidences suspect that they were using drugs. In 1994 at Asian Games, eleven athletes were caught as drug abusers for dihydrotestosterone. Since 1990,over 40 Chinese swimmers were tested positive for abuse drugs and at that time china reached the peak for drug abuse over the swimming countries.6. Tour de France(5)Doping by cyclists arises since 1967 after Simpson death at Tour de France due to amphetamine misuse. Drug abuse by cyclists continues and in summer 1998, the Festina cycling team was pushed out from the rival at Tour de France after the French Officials found EPO in their masseurs car. After investigations, six of Festinas nine riders confessed that they had taken abused drugs. Later on, the leader also has failed drug tests for anabolic steroids. Also in 2002, Stefano Garzelli, the leader of the Vini Caldirola team, has failed drug test for probenecid, a diuretic which is used as a masking agent. Also in the same year at Tour de France, the Spanish cyclist Igor Gonzalez de Galdeano, was tested positive for anti-asthmatic drug. In January 2004, two cyclists in the Cofidis team, which is one of the unclutter team s in france, were caught as drug abusers for EPO and amphetamines.7. steroids in baseball (5)In 2002, a report was published by the Sports Illustrated and the National League MVP Ken Caminiti give tongue to that at least half the guys argon using steroids.In 2003, the Major League Baseball revealed that around 7% of 1438 tests on all players were positive for steroids.8. Doping in skiing(5)Drug abuse in cross-country skiing has been pass around for years especially with EPO. In 2001 world championships in Finland, six finish skiers have failed drug test for HES which is a plasma volume expander. Three skiers at the Salt Lake Games were tested positive for the drug Darbepoetin which is a synthetic compound of the natural hormone EPO. Two of these athletes Olga Danilova and Larissa Lazutina were Russian medalists but slowlyr on, they were stripped of their medals and the gold medal was awarded to the Canadian Beckie Scott who ended third.9. BALCO scandalBALCO is Bay Area Laborator y Cooperative which is a company that provides nutritional supplements. Victor Conte built BALCO in 1984 and he followed a system for analyzing urine and blood in order to prescribe supplements that replace vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Tetrahydrogestrinone is one of banned substances that was used by BALCO and was undetected by drug testing. THG or The Clear is an anabolic steroid that can reduce fatigue during schooling and can increase the muscle mass. In 2003, the USADA, United States Anti-Doping Agency, developed a test for THG after receiving a syringe from anonymous (US track coach Trever Graham) containing THG and claiming that just about athletes ar using this drug. Don Catlin, succeeded in developing the test and he tested the urine samples that were taken from athletes at the US championships and numerous tests came back positive for THG(8,9). Athletes that were involved in BALCO scandal were Kelli White, Marion Jones, C.J.Hunter, Tim Montgomery, baseball star Barr y bonds, and NFLs Bill Romanowski, and Dwain Chambers. In 2004, Dwain Chambers who was the European 100m championship at that time was banned from competition for 2 years. 100m and 200m Champion kelli white was banned for 2 years as well. USADA convicted BALCO, for the distribution of THG. In 2005, Victor Conte was jail for four months. Greg Anderson (Barry Bonds trainer) was jailed for three months.(9,10,11,12)10. Mas runnersMa Junren was the coach for the world womanish championships runners(13). In 1993, Mas Chinese female runners won three gold medals at the World Track and Field championships in Stuttgart and also in 1997 they set world records. From that time there was suspicion that the runners were using banned substances(13,15). A doping scandal for Mas runners arose before the 2000 summer Sydney Olympic(14,15). Top runners like Liquing Song and Lili Yin had failed drug test for testosterone during an out-of competition testing in 2000 and the Mas Chinese runners were evi cted from the Olympic team(13,15).History of drug testingDoping was also done for race horses not and only for humans. The first drug test was done for alkaloids on the saliva of horses in 1910 by a Russian Chemist in Vienna.(1,2)Drug testing on human urine started in 1950s after the wide spread abuse of amphetamines. (7)After British Tommy Simpson death from amphetamine abuse at Tour de France in 1967, IOC established the Medical Commission and a list of banned substances was established by the IOC. Professor Beckett was a member in the Medical Commission at that time and he developed methods for sensing of stimulants ,i.e. drugs that were used in competition. (3,7)Methods of Beckett for drug testing were first used in 1968 at Mexico City Olympic competition and these tests were for non-steroidal drugs (narcotic analgesics and stimulants) and there was no tests for anabolic steroids.(7)(3). The first formal drug testing programmes for narcotics and stimulants was in 1972 at Munic h Olympics. These tests were done at the competition periods.The abuse of Anabolic steroids became prevalent in 1970s and its use was banned in 1974 by the IOC and added to the list in 1975(1) p313. The first formal steroid testing program occurred in 1976 at Montreal Olympics using radioimmunoassay screening for detection its presence and GCMS for confirmation. (7,19)In and out of competition testingAt first testing programmes were based on tests during the competition periods. But later on it was accept that these tests were of extra value to catch up the c arouses. Athletes learn how to defeat the testing programmes by calculating the clearance time of the drug in the body so they could avoid its use before the competition periods. Form here came the out -of -competition testing programmes to catch the cheats for drug abuse. Out of competition testing started in late 1970s. The first out of competition testing was conducted in 1977 by Norway and in UK, it started in early 1980s . However, the out- of -competition testing did not expand globally until the establishment of WADA in 2000. WADA established out-of-competition testing programmes and it was followed globally from that time.(1) p314-315Classification of Abused DrugsDoping classes and methodsexamplesAnabolic steroidsTestosterone, nandrolone (discussed laterBlood Dopingblood transfusion(discussed later)StimulantsAmphetamine, ephedrine, cocaine, caffeineNarcoticsMorphine, Methadone, CodeinePeptide and glycoprotein hormonesHuman growth hormone, corticotrophin, human chorionic gonadotrophin, erythro poietinDiuretics and masking agentsAcetazolamide, Furesamide, ProbencidBeta- blockersAtenolol, Propanolol, MetoprololAtenolol, Propanolol, MetoprololAnabolic steroids (discussed later)Blood Dopping (Blood Transfusions) ( discussed later)Central Nervous System StimulantsAthletes often use stimulants to leaven alertness and reduce fatigue i.e. increase physical and mental performance.1p41. These argon more us ed on the day of competition to reduce the sensitivity to pain of athletes if they got injured however, nowadays they ar used during training to increase training time.AmphetaminesAmphetamine is a synthetic compound (1920), it was developed as an appetite suppressant and for treatment of narcolepsy, to fight fatigue and to enhance alertness, but later it was withdrawn from clinical use due to the development of tolerance. P42Methamphetamine is very addictive stimulant, related to amphetamine with more longer long-lasting and toxic personal effects on the CNS.Mechanism of actionThese are indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine. They enter neurons and act presynaptically to release stores of noradrenaline, and dopamine from nerve endings they also block noradrenaline and dopamine transporter reuptake and inhibit MAO.They include Dexamphetamine, Methamphetamine, Phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate.Routes of administrationAmphetamine can be administered orally, in straitened circumst ances(p)ly, and intravenously. Amphetamine itself is not very good if smoked. Methamphetamine is smokable form and it is becoming increasingly popular as a drug of abuse.personal effects of Amphetamines in SportAthletes often use amphetamine to reduce fatigue, increase alertness and concentration, increase euphoria and to tolerate painful injuries.p42. p72Side effectuateThe intimately important side effect is heart stroke.p72. Amphetamines cause fringy vasoconstriction and then increase blood pressure. The body overheats and cannot regain its temperature resulting in dehydration.1.p42The second side effect is that the euphoriant action may affect the awareness of athletes and thus they fall in misjudgements.Cases of amphetamine abuseAmphetamine use was spread around the time of the Second World War, to slack fatigue of the troops. Later, its use was spread among athletes in 1940s and 1950s. 1.p30. its use atarted to be breakled under the UK Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.In 1960, the cyclist, Knud Jenson, died due to amphetamine abuse in the intense summer heat of Rome Olympics.1p72-30In 1967 Tour de France, the British cyclist, Tommy Simpson, died as a result of amphetamine abuse art object climbing the infamous Mont Ventoux. His death was due to cardiac arrest.1p72In 1997,American Footballers, (Clarkson and Thompson), withdrew from play due to amphetamine abuse which was taken to tolerate injuries.1p72Effect on behaviour Mandell (1979), Golding(1981)In 2002, the British skier Alain Baxter, had lost his Olympic tan medal and he was banned from skiing from March until June, due to positive test of Methamphetamine( l-form which is found in OTC vicks inhaler. IOC test do not have it away between l- and d- form. D-form is used as performance enhancing drug. Later on, Baxters name was cleared as being a drug cheater and it was approved that the drug was l- form.(16,17,18)EcstasyIt is a synthetic amphetamine derivative. It was synthesized in 1914 as an appetit e suppressant. It has stimulant amphetamine like properties, now commonly used in bound clubs but it may be misused by athletes.In UK, it was classified as an illegal substance since 1977, and in USA its use was under control since 1985.Since 1990, there were no reports for ecstasy misuse by athletes.p73Ephedrine and related compoundsEphedrine is a natural product occurring in the plant genus Ephedra. Phyenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine are synthetics. These are used to treat cold symptoms as bronchodilators.1.p73.p42.Mechanism of actionIt has sympathomimetic action. These deplete noradrenalin from neuronal storage sites resulting in indirect effect on sympathetic neurons and CNS.1.p73Routes of administrationEphedrine and phenylpropanolamine are found in cold medications (in UK and USA) which are taken orally. Phenylpropanolamine is now prohibited by US authorities. 1.p74Effect of Ephedrine in SportEphedrine is misused by athletes for its euphoric action.1p42. Athletes try to misuse ephedrine because its use could be negotiated due to its presence in the over-the-counter medication.1p42Side effectsThe main side effect is the cardiac arrthythmias.Cases of Ephedrine abusePseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and phenylephrine were withdraw from WADA list for banned substances in 2004, but they are still controlled by WADA for athletes misuse. Ephedrine is still on the banned list.1p76In 1972 Olympics, the US swimmer, De Mont, was banned due to urinary ephedrine positive test in which he declared that its presence due to a medicine.1p76In 1988, Linford Christie, at Seoul, was tested positive for cold cure substance, and he was nearly to lose his silver medal.CocaineCocaine was a component of Coca-Cola until it was classified as an illegal drug and it was removed in 1903.(1)The main therapeutic effect is its use as a local anaesthetic.Mechanism of actionCocaine exerts its sympathomimetic central effects by inhibiting the reuptake of noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-HT into presynaptic terminals of the mesolimbic reward/pleasure pathway.Routes of administrationSnorting is the nearly common route of administration of cocaine. The powder is drawn up to the noise, and is absorbed through the nasal epithelium into the blood. It reaches the brain within about three minutes.It can also administered by intravenous injection, reaching the brain in 15 seconds and the effects last for 15 minutes.Crack cocaine is smoked in a pipe, absorbed rapidly in the lungs and reaching the brain in about 5 seconds.Effects of cocaine is sportIt was misused in sport due to its euphoric effect and due to reduction of fatigue.Side effectsIts side effects are tachycardia, hypertension and at high dosage, tremors and seizures may occur. Cardiotoxic metabolite may result due to concomitant use of cocaine with alcohol and anabolic steroids.Reported cases of cocaine misuseLen Bias, the US basketball player, and Don Rogers, the American footballer died from cocaine abus e.(1)CaffeineCaffeine is the most popular used drug which is found in many beverages like coffee, tea and soft drinks. Caffeine was banned by IOC but then it was withdrawn from the list by WADA in January 2004. However, its use is still monitored by WADA. Quantitative measurement for caffeine in the urine was established in 1984 at the Olympic Games in Sarajevo and Los Angeles. IOC set the level in the urine at 15 micrograms per millilitre and then in 1988, it was decreased to 12micrograms per millilitre. Studies showed that 1000mg doses of caffeine are required to excrete caffeine in the urine at levels more than 12 micrograms per millilitre.Routes of administrationIt is taken as tablets or injections(1)Effects of caffeine in sportsenior high school doses are required in sport to decrease fatigue and increase concentration.(1)Side effectstremorsNarcotic analgesicsThese are called opiates. Raw opium contains morphine and codeine which have strong analgesic properties. Drugs that are usually misused are Morphine, heroin, and methadone. each(prenominal) opiates were banned by IOC except dextromethorphan, pholcodeine, and diphenoxylate. Codeine was first banned but because many sports federation had refused that so it was then removed from the list due to its presence in many over-the-counter medications.Mechanism of actionOpiates bind to specific opiate receptors in the brain and spinal cord, and also interact with endogenous opiate peptides, enkephalins and endorphins, in mediating emotional highs and in the process of addiction.p(1)-23Routes of administrationOpiates are taken orally, by injection or by inhalation.Effects of narcotic analgesics in sportThese are used for their euphoric and analgesic actions. They are used to mimic the injury during training or competition.Side effectsThese include vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, skin itching, loss of concentration, drowsiness, comas, and addiction. At high doses it may cause respiratory depression.(1) p24,,BBCD iuretics and other masking agentsDiuretics are drugs that are used by people to remove fluid in order to decrease blood pressure. Examples are furesamide, acetazolamide and chlorthalidone.Effects of diuretics in sportDiuretics are misused in sport to overcome the side effect fluid retention that is cause by athletes misusing anabolic steroids. They are also used to lower the athletes weight in sports that competition occurs in weight groups. P46red and BBC. Also diuretics are used to increase the flow of urine and hence increase the rate of excretion of abused drug or its metabolite in the urine so the abused drug could not be detected.Side effectsThese include muscle cramps, dehydration, headache, nausea and kidney damage.Probenecid is used as making agent to disguise the presence of banned drugs and their metabolites by inhibiting the excretion of these through the kidney.p47 red.Probenecid is no more used because the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry can detect its presence and catch up the cheats.Beta blockersThese were added to the list of doping classes in 1985. But because of its therapeutic use, the IOC in 1993 added them in the classes of drugs subject to certain restrictions part .They were used by athletes to increase their performance by increasing the cardiac output increasing blood flow to muscles.p-48-49 redPeptide and glycoprotein hormonesThese are natural substance that are produced by the body.BBC doping I sportEffects in sportCorticotrophin it induces the release of the adrenal corticosteroids thus mimic the pain after injury. (1)p47Human Growth hormone(HGH) and chorionic gonadotrophin( HCG) it has anabolic effect, so it increases size and strength of muscles. BBcErythropoietin it is a peptide hormonep48(1). It increases red blood cell production thus increasing the oxygen transfer by blood ,ie. Increase in the performance .BBC.Side effectsHGH has main side effect that is, it may cause acromegaly.BBCEPO has main side effect th at is, it may thicken the blood, resulting in heart attacks.BBCchemical substance and physical employmentIt is the changing of urine sample by using substances or procedures in order to conceal the detection of a banned substance. Examples of manipulation are the use of others urine, use of vinegar to affect the urine, epitestosterone to alter the ratio. BBC news,dopingAnabolic SteroidsWhat are Anabolic steroids?Testosterone was isolated in 1935.(2)p52. It is an endogenous steroidal hormone male hormone produced by testes in men. steroid 7. It is synthesized from cholesterol like all other steroidal hormones. Steroid 7. Epitestosterone is a testosterone isomer and found in a small ratio with respect to testosterone. Steroid7.Testosterone is responsible for the androgenic and anabolic effects.steroid7. The androgenic functions of testosterone are responsible for the modifications in the primary sexual male features. Steroid7. , patch the anabolic effects are responsible for enhanci ng muscle growth, protein synthesis and erythrocytes. steroid 7.Anabolic steroids are group of synthetic modified derivatives of testosterone. steoid 10. When administered, they bind to the androgen receptors which are found in the prostate, skeletal muscle and central nervous system to give their mechanism of action. Their structure is developed and modified to improve the anabolic effects with decreased androgenic effects. steroid 10Routes of administrationAnabolic steroids are administered orally or intramuscularly. Nowadays, athletes are using transdermal patches, sublingual tablets, nasal sprays, and dermatological gels of testosterone to escape positive tests(2). P 3Why do athletes misuse anabolic steroidsAthletes use anabolic steroids due to their anabolic effects, so they are used due to its positive effect on the skeletal muscle tissues. They are used to increase strength and muscle size. They are also used to increase body weight, protein metabolism and collagen synthesis. Steoird 6 and 35 . Some athletes use anabolic steroids because they want to be big. steroid 7.Side effectsCardiovascular effectsAnabolic steroids ingestion results in severe coronary heart disease. They reduce high density lipoprotein (HDL) and increase low density lipoprotein (LDL). Steroid 25- steroid 7. resulting in atherosclerosis.Increase heart strokeAnabolic steroids increase blood clotting and thus favouring thrombosis resulting in heart attacks. steroid 26Liver problemsOral anabolic steroids results in cholestatic hepatitis and jaundice. steorid 7,26 Also increase in the liver enzymes( aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase and lactate dehydrogenase) is encountered with the use of steroids. steroid 37Sexual side effectsHigh doses of anabolics in a study by Holma, shows that the sperm counts decreased by 73% and azoospermia occurred for 3 individuals i.e affecting fertility. Steroid 7They affect secretion of the procreative hormones like testosterone and thus reducing libido due to decrease level of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).sterodi 37. Anabolic steroids abuse may result in prostate cancer. Steroid 37GynaecomastiaIt is the enlargement of the mammary tissues in men due to transfer of androgens to estradiol and estrone. steroid 7,37Psychological effectsA study in USA showed that anabolic steroids revealed changes in mood such as mania and depression. steorid7Other side effects include hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, tendon damage, steroid 26. edema, muscle spasm, acne hirsutism, and deepening of voice. Steroid 35History of anabolic steroids misuse and drug testingThe use of banned substances such as caffeine, cocaine and strychnine started during the 19th century in most of the sport events like cycling, swimming, and distance running. steroid 26.The abuse of steroids in sport started in 1950s by the soviet weightlifting teams.p54 green,steroid26. In 1960 Olympic Games, anabolic steroids use was restri cted to Soviet weightlifting, but by 1964, their use is increased in all strength sports. p45 green. 7. Anabolics use became more common in most sports in 1972 Olympic Games. Steroid 26Anabolic steroids use has been banned by medical commission of IOC in 1974 and has been added to the list of banned substances of IOC in 1975.steroid 10, 7Although the first formal testing was introduced in 1972 Munich Olympics, there was no testing for anabolic steroids (7). P4. The first formal test for anabolic steroid was in 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics(7). First positive tests for steroids were in 1976 Montreal Olympics, in which 8 athletes, seven weightlifters and one female athlete in a field event were caught for steroid abuse(7).p75., while no positive tests were reported in 1980 Moscow Olympic Games.Anabolic androgenic steroids are one of the most widely used drugs by athletes to enhance their performance and physical appearance. Steroid 6. Their use extends to be not among professional ath letes but also among high school male and female students. Steroid 26WADA accredited laboratories published statistics form 1993 till 2003 and this showed that anabolic steroids are the most widely used banned substances.p32.red.19931994200120022003stimulants22.8%24%15.4%14.9%19%Anabolic steroids59.9%50.5%40.1%36.8%32.1%Unlike amphetamines and other stimulants which were taken on the day of competition ( which causes sudden death due to cardiac arrest), anabolic steroids are administered during the training exercise and not before the competition periods. P31 red. they are taken in cycles with duration of six- twelve weeks, and usually 2-3 cycles are taken in a year. Steroid7.The introduction of the out of competition testing programmes limited the use of the anabolic steroids. P46 redSystematic doping biggest scandalOne of the biggest scandals for steroid abuse was in the German Democratic Republic, they were used from 1965 to 1989 and this allows the East German to win many medal s. Coaches and doctors in East Germany follow a programme for systematic doping with steroids. In 1965, a pharmaceutical company had developed chlor-substituted derivative of methandrostenolone (Oral-Turbinabol R), and from 1968 GRD started to introduce it to female athletes in the Olympic Games. Steroid 40Detection of anabolic steroidsDetection of urinary anabolic steroid by radioimmunoassayDrug testing was based on radioimmunoassay screening of urine samples from athletes for detection of banned substances and then gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for confirmation the positive tests (7). Testing at that time was insensitive and not selective due to the fact that testing was done during competition periods and anabolic steroids were usually taken for long periods, so athletes used to quit these drugs at competition periods so their level will decrease in the urine and could not be detected and the tests would give false negative (19).Detection of urinary anabolic steroids by GC /MS, measuring testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E ratio)Drug testing at that time could not differentiate between endogenous testosterone and synthetic anabolics.steroid7.Testosterone was introduced in the banned list of IOC in 1983, it was the first endogenous substance to be banned, after the discovery of the detection method in 1982. p35red.In 1984 Olympic Games, all urine samples from athletes were screened by GC/MS for detection and identification. The T/E ra