Women Essays - Gender Studies, Gender Role, Sexism, Gender

Ladies In Architecture Of what noteworthy and contemporary concern is it that the engineering calling has been, and keeps on being, emphatically male overwhelmed in Australia (at present 90% of enrolled planners in NSW are men). In a perfect world, what extent of the calling should ladies possess and why? From the beginning of mankind's history, we generally experience certain degree of imbalance between genders. It very well may be seen wherever around the globe and is a worry to everybody, both people. This disparity is a significant issue inside the workforce of numerous callings, for example, being a draftsman, scene modeler, city organizers what's more, creators inside the fabricated condition. Modern insurgency is the beginning for ladies to get isolated from home, making more prominent spatial division to sway on sexual orientation jobs. There is normal idea between the relationship of open and private space with male and female as depicted by Kate Lyons. This model speaks to the suburbanisation happening in the late nineteenth century and the mid twentieth century. Numerous rural ladies are constrained inside their day by day exercises because of the imperatives on openness and versatility in low-thickness rural areas and lead to a sentiment of being disconnected from the downtown. These requirements of this sexual orientation job influence the ladies' capacity in the more extensive callings inside the manufactured condition, as they were confined at home. ... Designers don't prefer to utilize ladies in their workplaces; temporary workers try not to jump at the chance to work from their arrangements; individuals with cash to spend don't prefer to depend its use to a lady. This is most likely because of the way that ladies are kept at home without 'knowing a lot' of the 'outside world'; the plan callings have interested ladies into minimal jobs. Planners and other comparable expert fields have seen ladies not as calling yet as detached customers. From these, ladies are clients of the planned fabricated condition as there are just not many to have the chance to plan them. This powers ladies to adjust to the manner in which conditions have been planned (by men). There is where numerous ladies draftsmen, scene designers, organizers, developers and creators, for example, Catharine Beecher, Louise Bethune. Eileen Gray, Julia Morgan, and others are not officially related to callings. A considerable lot of their works have been credited to their male associates. Another worry is that there is an absence of affectability towards ladies' needs inside the assembled condition. Plan techniques and plans frequently neglect to think about ladies as a drawback bunch with restrictive requirements, a considerable lot of these necessities are insufficiently met or even un-met. This was clear in a few Local Environmental Plans and Improvement Control Plans of the Sydney Metropolitan region that had not distinguished ladies as a detriment gathering to be incorporated among the crippled what's more, older in configuration issue. Having considered ladies' issues inside the manufactured condition, in closing one must solicit are the basics from callings of the fabricated condition sexual orientation one-sided? While the results of these are sexual orientation one-sided, the essentials of arranging require resulting investigation so as to resolve the inquiry. ... not exclusively do people see a typical world from alternate points of view, they see various universes also. The issues raised are not liable to carefully to ladies, yet men additionally experience them in spite of the fact that with less power. In tending to these issues a sexual orientation touchy condition will be useful to all. Book reference 1. Allen, J., Evidence and Silence: Feminism and the Limits of History in Feminist Difficulties, 1986. 2. Freestone, R., Florence Taylor: The Lady Town Planner of Loftus Street in New Planner, Dec 1991. 3. Hanna, B., Florence Taylor's Hats in Design Bulletin, Oct 1986. 4. Hanna, B., Three Ferminist Analyses of the Constructed Environment in Architectural Theory Review, vol. 1, no.1, April 1996.

Cold Case Investigation

Dynamic Cold case examination is a developing worry because of expanded quantities of unsolved cases and mainstream society request. This paper will walk you through what a virus case examination is, the manner by which one starts, and factors, for example, the utilization of volunteers can impact the result of a virus case examination. Every year the quantity of unsolved cases in the U. S. goes up, however with restricting subsidizing and absence of keeping an eye on something must be done to hold the numbers down. A committed virus case unit is the most appropriate response to this issue. Cold Case InvestigationApproximately 33% of all manslaughters in the United States are not cleared inside the main year of being submitted. These cases are named cold cases after dynamic examination has been ended for any of a few reasons. On the off chance that examiners lose the path or can't think of enough proof, witnesses, or a presume the case might be shut. Progressively significant or high exposure cases may turn into a need and with absence of a path a case is shut. These cases can be put on a heating surface until time and keeping an eye on is accessible to direct a progressively intensive examination and proceed with where past examination left off.The low freedom rate has likewise been ascribed to the quantity of experienced investigators, changes in assets, crumbling of nature of examination, and acceleration of other related wrongdoings. The methods for directing a virus case examination fluctuate extraordinarily from that of a progressing examination and may even be led by individuals not utilized by the first organization taking care of the case. Reviving a Cold Case Investigation After a case has been named a virus case, it might take a while to even a long time before it is re-opened for investigation.Some times the first specialist may feel a craving to re-open the case or new proof or witnesses may become exposed presenting a bearing for agents to follow. Different occasions it requires others not associated with the underlying examination to step up and assemble conclusion for casualties or different reasons. In the event that the essential specialist in the underlying case isn't engaged with the virus case examination, the present agents should be raised to speed on the foundation and earlier proof or realities of the case.Investigators may then contact any earlier observers and re-engage questions recently asked or develop the subject. A few observers may give additional data. On the off chance that there were no observers or suspects, current innovation that was not accessible during the underlying examination could give proof not beforehand accessible, for example, DNA. Work force recently met may likewise be feeling blame when a virus case is re-opened and need a chance to vent or even admit their guilt.If practically zero additional data is found for specialists to go off of the case may get baffling and be abandoned once mor e. Re-opening a virus case additionally makes some unrest, for example, opening old injuries with the casualties of these violations because of the suspect not being gotten at first, and in light of the fact that the casualties are compelled to remember the past. Cold Case Investigation Units Cold case examination examinations units have been framed to battle the developing pattern of unsolved cases. They as a rule comprise of at least one committed murder specialists with the sole reason for unraveling the cases.The structure and the executives of these units are not plainly characterized as of now and there is little proof to demonstrate that they are successful at decreasing the quantities of unsolved cases. Cold case units have increased well known intrigue over the most recent few years through different TV programs identified with that of unraveling cold cases. There are two viewpoints with regards to why certain cases stay unsolved. The first depends on struggle hypothesis an d conduct of law hypothesis. This hypothesis shows that the police’s carefulness prompts contrasts in analytical exertion and shows bias.The greatest thing to note on this hypothesis is that a case will have additional time and exertion put into it if the casualty is from a progressively good social position. The subsequent hypothesis is the inverse. It expresses that everybody gets most extreme exertion paying little mind to casualty qualities and cases stay unsolved because of an absence of situational attributes, for example, proof, witnesses, and utilization of a weapon that can be found and fingerprinted. (Napolean, 2009, pg n/a) The virus case unit idea was made by the Miami police division in the 80’s to deal with around 1,400 unsolved cases.This unit had a lot of accomplishment and cold case examination units got well known across the country. To date there are still a few worries on how a virus case unit ought to work, yet organizing cases is the greatest conc ern. As a standard the most elevated need cases are those, which the person in question or a subsequent casualty has been recognized, the demise was governed a crime, suspects were recently named by legal methods, a capture warrant was recently given, huge physical proof can be additionally prepared, or new leads have emerged where basic observers are willing to cooperate.Cold cases are commonly broken into three classifications, high, moderate or low. Using any and all means, a staffed and bolstered cold case examination unit is more invaluable than a transitory unit. Volunteers are Essential Cold case examination is an incredibly work serious procedure. There has been a developing want for cold cases to be unraveled because of its mainstream society claim. Many police offices are feeling the strain to get their unsolved case numbers down, however because of the economy and financial plans on a descending pattern staffing and assets are at a premium.Agencies are currently going to a more non-customary choice to fill staff voids left by spending cuts. Volunteers can assume a fundamental job in the help to investigators who illuminate cold cases. Resigned criminologists give a charm to certain offices. These retirees don't require extra preparing on the grounds that they were recently utilized in a similar line of business. They are additionally well on the way to appreciate accomplishing the work since they resigned doing it. An incredible attractor for retirees is that they profit by getting an opportunity to do what they love without being constrained into the extended periods of time that joins it.Other volunteers can emerge out of pretty much anyplace as long as they have a readiness and drive to understand the cases. Ex-law authorization and regular folks are essential. Having a blended foundation of volunteers gives an assortment of experience to draw from and a new arrangement of eyes on the cases. Agents that recently chipped away at the cases may feel revived having another supposition on the work they did and discover something that was recently missed. Regularly specialists are brought into the manner in which they were told to comprehend a case and miss elective ways to deal with issue solving.Volunteers can give this other in light of the fact that they might not have any preparation in understanding cases. Regardless of whether volunteers don't work explicitly on explaining the case, there are other similarly as significant chances. Law implementation accompanies a ton of desk work and recording. Volunteers are ideal for this on the grounds that by them doing the desk work part of the examination it saves the hour of the genuine criminologists to do the foot beating. References Leonard, G. J. , Gerard, F. D. , and Camille, D. B. (2005) Resurrecting cold case sequential manslaughter investigations.FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 74(8), 1-7. Recovered from https://search. proquest. com/docview/204129494? accountid=8289 Napolean , C. R. (2009) Cold case examination units. TELEMASP Bulletin, 16(1), 1-10. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/198013843? accountid=8289 Regensburger, D. (2011). Law authorization chips in: A fundamental apparatus in the examination of cold case crimes. Sheriff, 63(3), 22-24. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/869520529? accountid=8289

Benefits of the Cozy Wellness Trend Hygge

Benefits of the Cozy Wellness Trend Hygge July 19, 2019 More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships Do you love curling up with a blanket, a cup of coffee and a good book? You might already be practicing Hygge more than you think. Hygge is a concept originated in Danish culture that focuses on living with a sense of comfort, coziness, and peace. It has been described as, creating a warm atmosphere and enjoying the good things in life with good people. There is a debate on the proper pronunciation of the word Hygge, either hue-guh or hoo-gah, but what is so intriguing about this concept is that there are actual health benefits to living a Hygge-focused lifestyle. Benefits of Hygge There have been a variety of benefits tied to the practice of hygge. Happiness researchers continually find Denmark to have some of the happiest people on Earth, which Danes attribute to the practice of hygge. Feeling increased happiness could certainly be a perk of practicing Hygge, but there may be other emotional, physical and relationship benefits as well. Emotional Benefits Hygge decor is intended to promote a sense of calm and peace in the living space. Since we make sense of, our experiences and environment through the use of sight, sound, touch, taste and smell, it may come as no surprise that creating a cozy living space would help us feel less anxious and promote a sense of emotional well-being and safety. These feeling of comfort and safety can better allow us, and those sharing the space with us, to let down our guards and be more present and open to connecting with one another. Examples of possible emotional benefits may include: Less depression and anxietyIncreased feelings of self-worthIncreased optimismLowered stressGreater sense of mindfulnessImproved self-compassionIncreased practice of gratitude Physical Benefits When we feel safe and calm, our body responds accordingly. It is in moments of perceived danger or threat that our bodies naturally go into a response of fight, flight, or freeze. A hygge-style environment promotes an atmosphere of safety and comfort, where our minds and bodies can feel more relaxed. In a space like this, there is much less need for us to scan our environment for threats. Examples of possible physical benefits may include: Improved sleepWeight regulationFewer cortisol (stress hormone) spikesImproved practice of self-careReduced need for unhealthy coping behaviors like alcohol or drugs Social Benefits When we feel comfortable and emotionally safe, we are more likely to reach out to build and nurture connections with others. In a hygge-focused lifestyle, there is an emphasis on connecting with family, friends and loved ones. Spending time with those who are most important to us creates a sense of belonging and connection that research continues to show impacts our health and well-being. We feel more confident when connected with others, we feel safe to take risks and we are more open to practicing vulnerability with others, all things that can be facilitated within an hygge-style living space. Examples of possible social benefits may include: Focus on togethernessFeelings of comfort and safetyIncreased trust  Increased intimacyNew social connectionsImproved existing relationshipsLess reliance on social media How to Use Hygge in Your Life Most of us would enjoy feeling happy, peaceful and cozy, but do we have to move to Denmark in order to fully embrace the Hygge lifestyle? No! There are many easy ways that we can incorporate elements of hygge into our daily lives and our living spaces. Implementing some of these elements can start bringing you those feeling of peace, connection, and comfort in your everyday life. Lighting Lighting is an essential part  of creating a sense of hygge in the living space. The use of warm, soft white light creates an inviting and comfortable space compared to harsh, bright white bulbs or fluorescent lighting. Remember that the higher the lumens on the bulb, the brighter the light. You may also elect to install a dimmer to have options for lighting the space the way you want. Another method is to use floor lamps rather than overhead lighting. Overhead lights can create light that is too bright for the room and may  feel institutional. Using floor and table lamps allow for lighting to create a more intimate space, lighting areas where people would be sitting to read, relax and talk with each other. Lastly, candles are a hallmark light sourced used within a hygge-style space. Candles inherently create a warm, soft light and a sense of relaxation and comfort so popular with this style. If open-flamed candles present too much of a hazard for your living space due to pets or children, you can elect to use LED candles. Texture Hygge is all about things that feel soft and cozy. You will want to incorporate soft accessories like blankets, throws, pillows, and rugs to create a warm, inviting space. The soft textures are calming and allow us to feel soothed when our anxieties run high. Soft textures allow others to feel safe in the space as well, calming fears and allowing people to open up more with each other. Conversations can feel more calm and open in this space, rather than feeling rushed or pressured. Decor A calming environment can be created with the use of accessories, such as wood elements, indoor plants and simple, clean decor. Try to use pieces that have special meaning such as pictures of family and loved ones. You can place photo albums on the coffee table with pictures of travel or experiences that youve shared with others. Hygge is about warmth and connection, so use decor to draw people in and create conversation. Warmth Warmth is not so much about the temperature as it is a feeling of emotional warmth. A fireplace is a hallmark trait of a hygge-style space but that is not an option for everyone. Anything that you can do to create that kind of inviting, warm space will be a plus. Examples of this would be candles and displays that use accent lighting. You can also use small string lights in certain areas of the home to help create that inviting warmth that a fireplace would give the space. Color The colors chosen for a living space are a significant part of setting a cozy stage for yourself and your guests. Neutral colors are often chosen, particularly whites, soft whites, blushes, and soft browns. The use of neutral colors on the wall actually help to calm your mind as well, which fits with this particular style of living. Hygge is about calm, soft, soothing and comfortable. In other words, hygge promotes an anti-anxiety environment for living and spending time with close friends and loved ones. People Experiencing a meaningful connection with others is at the heart of hygge-style living. The goal is to be present and connect with the people around you. In nurturing these relationships we are allowing ourselves and others to experience a sense of belonging. When we that we belong, we feel emotional safety. Emotional safety, in turn, creates a positive social experience and allows us to feel the physical benefit of ease, calm and connection. Activity Hygge-style activities typically involve things that help us feel peaceful, cozy and connected with others. Gatherings with friends in the home are a primary activity. Gatherings are focused on the connection with others, not the presentation. There is no need for a formal black-tie affair. In fact, hygge living would suggest just the opposite. Gatherings should offer a space that is casual, inviting and offers people a place to feel comfortable and focus on relationships and connecting with one another.  Consider a game night with friends, having friends or neighbors over for coffee or hosting a book night. How to Use Hygge at Work You can easily implement hygge elements in your workspace. Work is a place where we might find it challenging to take care of ourselves or to create an environment focused on peace and calm. Find small, safe ways to create change in your space to help promote a sense of calm. You will find it easier to enjoy the space, which could lead to better productivity and job satisfaction. Ideas to try: Accent lamp with soft-white lightingSmall potted succulent plantAppropriate sized area rug to place in your workspacePictures of family and friends A Word From Verywell Hygge is all about comfort, peace, and connection. The benefits of implementing some of these elements reach across our emotional health, physical health and our social health. Incorporating some of these ideas into your living environment may offer you a space that is relaxing, inviting to others and great for your health and well-being.

Transformative Learning Theory The Importance Of...

Transformative Learning Theory: The importance of Planetary Consciousness Erin L. Bonilla Prescott College Abstract Transformative learning theory provides a unique perspective on education through realization, reflection, discourse, and active pursuit of change. This process requires significant effort for the individual and requires deep critical reflection into personal belief systems, inflicted views from childhood, and questioning knowledge. The presented literature explores the origins of transformative learning theory, the importance of a strong planetary context, and further examples of the application of this theory. Keywords: transformative learning theory, reflection, self-reflection, symbols Transformational Learning Theory This literature review was designed to help the researcher build a deeper understanding of transformational learning theory and its application within the modern world. The literature explains Mezirow’s initial basis for the theory, complimentary and opposing views, importance of planetary context in reflection, along with further development in the field of sustainability education. This review involves a cross-examination of the literature at a basic level and is a beginning for further development. Theory Origins Transformative learning theory began with the works of Jack Mezirow (1981, 1994, 1997). The root of this theory is that through learning individuals go through a process of change within the construct of theirShow MoreRelatedCosmopsychology - the Psychology of Humans as Spiritual Beings - an Introduction4873 Words   |  20 Pagesnon-dual philosophy. According to Aurobindo, consciousness pervades the universe and manifests in a range of gradations. Consciousness undergoes both involutionary and evolutionary phases. Its involutionary phase is seen as the creation of matter and the physical universe. Its evolutionary phase is seen in the evolution of life and the spiritual development of humanity. Aurobindo’s teachings focused primarily on the ongoing evolution of consciousness by means of the spiritual development of theRead MoreA Pragmatic View of Jean Watson’s Caring Theory6976 Words   |  28 PagesA Pragmatic View of Jean Watson’s Caring Theory Chantal Cara, Ph.D., RN Università © de Montrà ©al Faculty of Nursing Goals Provide an overview of Dr. Jean Watson’s caring theory to the nursing community. Facilitate the understanding of her work allowing nurses to readily apply this knowledge within their practice. Objectives Describe the general aspects of Watson’s caring theory. Describe how Watson’s caring theory can be applied to clinical practice. Describe the person through Watson’sRead MoreEmployee Engagement and CSR: TRANSACTIONAL, RELATIONAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES12982 Words   |  52 Pagesthrough continuous adaptation and learning over the life course. While this puts the onus on employees to continue to develop their knowledge and talents, it is incumbent on the boundaryless firm to promote employees’ development and to deploy their time and talents in response to changing business circumstances.17 Increasingly this extends into CSR and sustainability where, as Peter Senge and colleagues stress, companies depend on individual and collective learning to adapt to new challenges.18 Read MoreDefination of Globalisation12291 Words   |  50 Pagesthe spatial reach of networks and systems of social relations to transcontinental or interregional patterns of human organization, activity and the exercise of power.’† 10 The challenge of defining globalization is not going to disappear or lose importance anytime in the near future. By exploring the various explanations and thoughts behind the idea that has come to be called globalization, we are able to see how the concept has been identified over the course of the approximately thirty years representedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesby imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways. On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures from those that defined the nineteenth-century world order. On the other, it perversely unleashed forces that would undermine Western world dominance and greatly constrict the forces advancing globalization

Otherwise Called Nyhan s Syndrome - 1273 Words

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, otherwise called Nyhan’s syndrome, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency or juvenile gout, is a rare hereditary disorder that affects almost exclusively males at a very young age. Thereby, they develop neurological and behavioral abnormalities-physical handicaps, mental retardation and abnormal involuntary muscle movements- and the overproduction of uric acid. This paper will outline the Lesch-Nyhan syndromes genetic and metabolic components, symptoms and signs, how and when a patient should present to a physician, what makes the physician think that a patient has the disease, how it is diagnosed, the treatment and/or cure, and its longevity. The history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome began first when it was discovered or recognized by Michael Lesch and William Nyhan. Michael Lesch and William Nyhan supplied the first detailed clinical characterization of Lesch-Nyhan disease in the year 1964 (H A Jinnah, 2015). Additionally, the defici ency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase was observed by Seegmiller and associates in 1967 (H A Jinnah, 2015). Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is genetically caused due to the deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase or the HPRT1 gene mutation. The complete or acute deficiency of HRPT leads to this Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The gene mutation is located in the X chromosome. The HPRT gene is found on the long arm of the X chromosome and the amino acid coding for HPRT isShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation And Curing Disease2357 Words   |  10 Pagesamounts of circulating progenitor and HSC’s. It is possible to coax more stem and progenitor cells into peripheral blood by giving the donor or auto patient cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulating factor afew days before collection. This is called mobilized peripheral blood and is now the preferred method of stem cell collection with around 5-20% of cells col lected being fully blood progenitor cells. For this method white blood cells and CD34 count are taken daily with harvest beginning once

The gendercide against Jewish men Free Essays

He gendercidal dimension of the holocaust against the Jews was evident during particular phases of the campaign of extermination. It nonetheless has its harbinger in the mass detentions of males during the earlier (1933-41) period of Nazi rule. As a campaign of full-blown mass execution, the gendercide against Jewish males marked an important, if temporary, â€Å"onset phase† of the holocaust in the occupied eastern territories (including, after August 1941 , the Balkans). We will write a custom essay sample on The gendercide against Jewish men or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gendercidal strategies against women were evident at later stages, both in mass executions and gassings, women- nly death camps, and the forced marches that killed tens of thousands in the closing stages of the war. Again, it must be stressed that in both their male and female manifestations, the Jewish gendercides were subsidiary features and strategies of a campaign of â€Å"root-and-branch† extermination, in which gender was far from a dominant consideration overall. Daniel Goldhagen points out in Hitler’s Willing Executioners (pp. 149-50) how the†up-close,† intimate killing of manifestly defenceless, screaming civilians on the eastern front killings which spattered blood and brain matter around the killing fields and over the killers was at first ncrementally managed according to gender: The Einsatzgruppen [death-squad] officers could habituate their men into their new vocation as genocidal executioners through a stepwise escalation of the killing. First, by shooting primarily teenage and adult Jewish males, they would be able to acclimate themselves to mass executions without the shock of killing women, young children, and the infirm. According to Alfred Filbert, the commander of Einsatzkommando 9, the [execution] order from [Reinhard] Heydrich â€Å"quite clearly† â€Å"included also women and children. † Yet, â€Å"in the first instance, without a doubt, the executions were limited generally to Jewish males. By generally keeping units’ initial massacres to smallish numbers (by German standards) of a few hundred or even a thousand or so, instead of many thousands, the perpetrators would be less likely to become overwhelmed by the enormity of the gargantuan bloodbaths that were to follow. They also could believe that they were selectively killing the most dangerous Jews, which was a measure that they could conceive to be reasonable for this apocalyptic war. Once the men became used to slaughtering Jews on this sex-selective and smaller scale, the officers could ore easily expand the scope and size of the killing operations. Jewish men rounded up for mass execution at Zhytomyr, Ukraine, August 7, 1942. In the early weeks of these murder campaigns, the Einsatzkommandos, according to Goldhagen, â€Å"were the equivalent of genocidal scouting parties, developing the methods of The images of mountains of corpses left behind by the Nazi mass murderers shocked the world, and helped contribute to the founding of the state of Israel. As the Soviet and Allied forces rolled back across Nazi-occupied Europe, How to cite The gendercide against Jewish men, Papers

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example For Students

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Take a dark a dark and mysterious journey into the life of Edgar Allan Poe and how he contributed to literature and influenced later cultures. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809 and died on October 7, 1849 he was an American journalist, writer, poet and literary critic who greatly influenced not only the American culture but also literature. He is the inventor of modern detective stories and contributed significantly to the genres of horror and science fiction. Most of the authors usually get their inspiration from their own personal life. One of his most famous poems and works influenced by his experiences are The Raven, Annabel Lee and A Dream within a Dream. Poe began to have an obsession with death and fear after experiencing excessive amounts of deaths throughout his life. Firstly, the death of his wife, who was his cousin, drove him into horror stories, fear, murder and revenge. The surrounding deaths; his personal mistakes and his miserable life played a major role in what many would say are atrocities, his work. The theme that is mostly occurring in his poems and short stories are personal tragedies, death, love and insanity. These themes portray his dreadful life. Edgar became insane later on in life, so he got his inspiration for the theme of death and insanity, from his own mind.  In most of his poems he has used many literary devices and poetic devices to capture the readers mind and we begin to think and feel like the characters. In his works he has used repetition, irony, imagery, similes and end rhymes to make his poems and stories more emotional and powerful. Here are some famous poems which portray the theme death and insanity. In the poem A dream Edgar Allan poem uses the idea of realism by using a powerful theme, a depressing mood and elaborates on the use of figurative language. The theme of A Dream is about how Poe wishes he could live in his dreams forever and not come back to reality because of his hardships that hes been through. He has used literary devices such as end rhymes, repetition of words and imagery to make the poem powerful. Another poem is the conqueror worm. This poem uses the theme death conquerors all and about crypt death. Personal tragedy unfortunately was always occurring in his life. The theme of this poem is death can happen at any time and death conquers all. The poem contains imagery, end rhymes and powerful words to grab the readers attention and make his poems strange and unique. His works had helped make other poems and books about mystery and horror popular in todays society. I personally like Edgar Allan Poe because he is of his interesting but tragic personal life which influenced him to write unique poems and stories. He is different from other poets. His style of writing is different and strange. His unique poems has influenced literary history and captures the minds of readers. The words In his poems and stories are very powerful and paints a picture in your mind. I like the suspense in his stories and the twisted visions he has. Poe has a strange talent for revealing our nightmares and madness lurking behind our carefully planned lives. The poet is still relevant today because it has influenced many modern detective, horror and science fiction stories and poems that we see today. His gothic style works are mostly focusing on the psychology of human actions rather than spiritual influences. His works has influenced many famous people today like Stephen King in making horror and thriller movies such as IT and Pet Sematary.  Poes detective stories have influenced Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes stories. .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .postImageUrl , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:hover , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:visited , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:active { border:0!important; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:active , .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5cdca41a131a8d42125e468ffa26f2a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Political views in An Inspector Calls EssayWithout Edgar Allan Poe you would have never heard of or seen detective stories or movies. Poe is still popular today and loved by many people. This is a short music video of how edgar alln poe has influenced the art of music.  Although he has already passed away, Edgar Allan Poe is still a well loved mystery writer in history. He has influenced many famous people and his works are still admired until today. Poe influenced not only writers today but also the art of music. Poe is also remembered as the Stephen King of his time and the Tarantino of traditional literature.

Small Business Enterprise free essay sample

A convenience store is a small store or shop that may sell items such as sweets, ice-cream, soft drinks, lottery tickets, cigarettes and other tobacco products, newspapers and magazines, along with a selection of processed food and perhaps some groceries. Stores that are part of gas stations may also sell motor oil, windshield washer fluid, radiator fluid, and maps. Often toiletries and other hygiene products are stocked, and some of these stores also offer money orders and wire transfer services or liquor products. They are often located alongside busy roads, in densely-populated urban neighbourhoods, at gas/petrol stations or near railway stations or other transportation hubs. They are there to serve a need, providing a practical alternative to the out-of-town superstores. Rarely do they attract customers shopping for the week. Instead, they draw their custom from impulse or emergency purchases, from people topping-up their cupboards or from those simply getting the daily essentials like milk and bread. We will write a custom essay sample on Small Business Enterprise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the demise of the local specialist store, convenience stores have also become centres of the community in more isolated locations. At a time of economic uncertainty, the market in these local retailers seems remarkably solid. According to the Association of Convenience Stores (ACS), tens of millions of customers visit convenience stores every day. So if you’re looking to buy a business, this could be an attractive option. Mike Carr, group managing director of EMF believes convenience stores are a good business to buy in these uncertain times: â€Å"Due to a degree of uncertainty in the general economic climate, people are buying businesses that are more likely to continue to grow. Convenience stores fit this bill because everyone needs food. † According to Mike Carr of business agents Everett, Masson Furby, there is not a typical convenience store owner. â€Å"You get people going into business for the first time who want a business that they can understand fairly quickly. You also get people who have come out of the professions – retired bank managers for example. The good thing about the market is that it appeals to a wide variety of people. † Another advantage of this business is that you can come to it without prior retailing experience. And if you are a little unsure about jumping in at the deep end, you can often arrange a settling in period at the start. Paul Williamson, director of business transfer agents Ernest Wilson, explains, â€Å"When we sell a business there is a period of time before completion during which people can go in and work with the vendors, learn how to do the job and also check the figures. † A lot of people don’t know where to buy their stock from, what to charge etc. The vendors can show them how to run the business and also introduce them to the customers, which is important. Not everything can be gained from experience, however. Andrew Bresnan, a convenience store owner in Dorset, says that having the right personality is crucial. â€Å"The most important aspect is to be able to get on with the general public. Another factor is to be very well organised and stay on top of the paperwork. There is a lot of paperwork in this business, with invoices and so forth. † You wil l also need to be prepared to put in the hours. Many convenience stores attract business by staying open when the superstores are closed. This is especially relevant on Sundays, when superstores, by law, can only open for six hours. You may need to stay open late at night if you are selling alcohol, and likewise, if you are running newspaper delivery rounds, you’ll have to be up with the dawn chorus. Strong consumer demand for convenience shopping has made the convenience store sector as one of the dynamic sectors in the whole retail market. Convenience stores have established an important niche for themselves in the grocery supply chain, essentially serving top-up shopping requirements to supplement the supermarket shop. Village shops have become increasingly rare in the densely populated parts of the country, although they remain common in remote rural areas. Their rarity in England is due to several factors, such as the rise in car ownership, competition from large chain supermarkets, the rising cost of village properties, and the increasing trend of the wealthy to own holiday homes in picturesque villages, consequently houses which used to be occupied full-time are often vacant for long periods. Community shops have become popular in some villages, often jointly owned and run by many villagers as a co-operative. The Village Retail Services Association ([1]) promotes the role and function of the village shop in the UK. Many modern village shops choose to stock items which draw in customers from neighbouring areas that are seeking locally sourced, organic and specialist produce such as local cuts of meat, local cheeses, wines and others. There is an opportunity for the local convenience store to develop their potential as community stores and lifestyle assistants as they are better placed to know the particular needs of a town or village more intimately than the larger supermarkets. They could create solutions for the increasingly time-pressured element in the community, by offering anything that will give the consumer extra time, e. g. home deliveries of high-quality frozen food, whether it is lunch for the home worker, or the evening meal for the busy family. Finding space has always been an issue as well for an average convenience store. Offering any product beyond the traditional boundaries is generally rendered impossible, simply as a result of size constraints. However, the evelopment of the computerized kiosk is seen by some as one way to revolutionize the world of convenience retailing, making it possible to buy cars, book holidays from these outlets. Trying to satisfy every customer needs is not an easy task. Looking upon what the people want and needs should be closely deliberated. Stocks are important and as well as the price. Although the products are not as much range from the big supermarkets as long as the stocks are full them people will be encou rage to come in to the store. The price should also be not as much as expensive as the supermarkets or else they will just be push on going to other shops. As well as the basics, many convenience stores add to their income and customer base by offering a range of other services, such as lottery tickets or video rental. Convenience stores are about offering as many services as possible. Here are some ingredients to boost your appeal. Lottery What it is: Some outlets can sell tickets for all National Lottery draws and National Lottery Instants, others can sell Instants only. How to get one: You must have over 750 sq ft shop floor, over 750 customers per day, and be open 9am-6pm daily and until 7. 30pm on draw days. The number of lottery outlets is not currently increasing, so new opportunities only arise when an existing outlet has its contract terminated for failing to meet sales targets or breaking lottery rules for example. Camelot selects a replacement from the applicants it has on file. What it costs: Installation and training on the machine is free and there are no ongoing expenses. What you can make: Retailers earn 5% commission on every sale and 1% on every prize payout over ? 10 and below ? 200. Cash Machine What it is: The ability to give customers instant access to cash through an ATM. How to get one: ATMs are supplied to independent retailers by companies such as MoneyBox, CardPoint and InfoCash. What it costs: The shop has to rent the machine from the ATM provider. What you can make: The store makes a commission on every transaction. ATM supplier, Moneybox, also claims that the subsequent increased footfall and spending can lead to an 8-15% total increase in revenue. In-store bakery What it is: Buying frozen, part-baked bread, cakes and pastries, which can be prepared quickly each morning to be sold as freshly baked items? How to get one: Suppliers include Delice de France (who also provide a cabinet, signs, labels and training) and Le Pain Croustillant. What it costs: You buy the part-baked bread like any other supplies. If you require a bake-off oven, however, this could cost you. What you can make: Freshly baked bread gives customers another reason to visit your store and the aroma is believed to encourage shopping, leading to an increase in general sales. Video games rental What it is: Renting out videos games to customers and selling ex-rental copies. How to get one: You dont need a licence to rent video games. You can buy the games direct from a wholesaler, lease them, or buy a franchise. What it costs: New releases cost and need to be regularly replaced. If you lease video games, they are updated regularly by the leasing company. What you can make: Once you have made back the purchase price everything else is profit. Ex-rental video games can be sold on. If you lease, your profit is the margin between your rental costs and what you earn from your customers. In building a business plan like a convenience store they have also differences of objectives. I would like to that this example â€Å"Millennium Marts primary objective is to create a new and revolutionary distribution outlet that will significantly reduce prices for its customers and provide greater services with an equal level of quality. The company seeks to be first to market with this daring new idea so as to capture market share and create greater than average profits. † This objective is doable and attainable because a convenience store brings customers good services to their customers. Reducing the prices can also be possible but customers expect to pay a premium of 10-12% on top of supermarket prices. Above that and it starts to get close to ‘insult pricing’, and they start to feel that they are being exploited because they don’t have the option of going anywhere else. If this happens they won’t come back. And by making an objective like the one above, it is better to provide a time frame of the on how to widen the distribution outlet. The most critical element of a convenience store success will be its marketing and advertising. In order to capture attention and sales convenience store will use prominent signs at the store locations, billboards, media bites on local news, and radio advertisements to capture customers. Convenience store competitive edge will be the lower prices we will charge our customers and the novel purchasing experience that will draw shoppers. In the convenience store industry, low cost and availability are the two success criteria. We plan to create these advantages in a new, high-tech environment that will retain customers. The most critical element of convenience store success will be its marketing and advertising. Convenience stores serve the entire purchasing population of its geographical area but focuses on customers who need to purchase items outside of normal working hours such as swing shift employees and quick shoppers looking for snacks and related items. In order to capture attention and sales Convenience store will use prominent signs at the store locations, billboards, media bites on local news, and radio advertisements to capture customers. Many of the initial customers will be drawn to the unique nature of the store and will then have the opportunity to realize the cost savings of convenience store. Since automated shopping is still in its infancy, the firm expects to invest a great deal of its available cash and revenues in marketing efforts. Since the store will be a stand-alone, remote facility, there is little in the way being able to directly influence how we close the sales other than to have an attractive storefront with our low prices and easy-to-use system. We believe that this in itself is its own seller. One critical procedure to ensure top customer service and reliability will be establishing a method for keeping enough inventories of all our products. We will be using industry data on inventory for other convenience store chains to assist us. Initially the company will only have a small staff including upper management, an operations technician and office manager. All other services, such as bookkeeping, will be outsourced. The following tables illustrate our financial projections over the next three years. Please note that we expect to be operating at a loss for the first six months before advertising begins to take effect and draw in customers. As retained earnings increase, a debt retirement fund will be established to encourage early repayment, thus relieving interest expense. Also, a 30-day payment period for purchases will be used to avoid incurring liabilities. We are using the industry standard business ratios for independent convenience store chains as a comparison to our own. There are some significant differences between the two since we have a completely different storefront than our competitors. First of all our accounts receivable are very different as we expect to have higher sales using credit cards than other stores, due to the convenience of using credit cards and cash cards at our facility. There is generally a three day waiting period to receive funds from the credit card company. This is a short period of time compared to a normal collection day period of 30 days, but it is still something we need to factor for. In addition, we expect higher percentages in inventory as we will be operating only one store initially and even many independent convenience store owners often have two or more facilities. Our long-term assets are low since we are only renting our facilities. With the changes that can be implemented on the problems that might arise to solve it as well as for the development of the business, it will make the business be able to learn more on how to provide the needs of the customers. It will serve as the trial and error side of it in which the ones which will click with the customers will be continued and enhance. The products and services that is least purchased or used by the customers will be look upon and evaluated if it is needed to take out of the business and change to other services that is needed more. If changes are implemented, customers are also provided the information for them to be aware of it. Proper dissemination of information is given to the customers, it might be helpful if before the changes we inform them already and let them know about the definite changes that will be done so that when the changes has been done, the information that is needed to give to the customers is the new products and the importance and value of the product or the services. It also essential to say the differences of the product before and the services so that the customers will be able to decide if they prefer that service and will also serve as an advertisement, not only the customers are the ones who can be affected with changes bur the business owners as well. In any case that the change will not be a boom, the owners should be ready on it or in the other hand, and they can also expect that it will be a huge success for future development of the business. References: 1. ^ North American Industry Classification (NAICS) 2002, 452 General Merchandise Stores (US) 2. The Association of Convenience Stores Represents both convenience store chains and independents. Produces an annual Yearbook. Negotiates deals for its members on shop insurance, finance, health insurance etc. Website: http://www. acs. org. uk. uk 3. Alliance of Independent Retailers Membership organisation representing 18,000 independent retailers. Services include a free legal helpline, insurance deals and a copy of Monthly Trade magazine, â€Å"The Independent Retailer†. Website: www. indretailer. co. uk 4. http://www. bplans. com/convenience_store_business_plan/executive_summary_fc. php#1. 1_Objectives#ixzz1DC1pbGfA 5.

Abortionessay essays

Abortionessay essays Pro-Choice or Pro-Life But oh, thrice guilty is he who drove her to desperation which impelled her to the crime [abortion] (Susan B. Anthony, 1869). In the Scott Foresman Advanced Dictionary, Thorndike and Barnhart defined abortion as the removal of a developing embryo or fetus from the uterus to terminate a pregnancy before birth resulting in death of the fetus (3). The abortion issue has become one of the worlds most controversial problems of today. The abortion issue is divided into two sides, pro-life and pro-choice. They focus on different aspects of receiving an abortion. At one end we have the pro-choice advocate-those who focus on womens right. The pro-choice supporters have reason to believe the fetus is only a potential human being. It has no right whatsoever, because the right belongs to the woman carrying the fetus, and it is she who decides on the length of time of the pregnancy. On the other end we have the pro-life -those who oppose abortion and focus on the fetus rights. They believe the fetus is a human being and has just as much legal right as the parents. The Bible states that everybody was created in the image of God. Therefore, taking the life of an innocent child is like killing the image of God. In the Bible, God said that thou shall not murder. Websters Dictionary and Thesaurus have defined murder as the unlawful and intentional killing of a human being (133). Is abortion moral or immoral? According to pro-life supporters, the unborn child is entrusted to the protection and care of the mother carrying it and yet the majority of the time it is the mother herself who makes the choice of whether or not the child should be aborted. The decision to abort the child may have come from problems dealing with the health of the mother or standard or living for the family. However, these excuses never justify the intentional killing of an innocent person. Many people claim that an e...

Central Moral Problem Connected with Advertising Literature review - 2

Central Moral Problem Connected with Advertising - Literature review Example The past president of US, Thomas Jefferson has said that â€Å"Advertisements contain the only truth to rely on a newspaper† and a noted British author H. G. Wells saw â€Å"advertising as legalized lying.† (Azcuenaga,1997). These two views are contradictory to each other and actually, since long back, there are different perceptions and views about advertising. Moral Problems and Advertising: There are many examples of unethical tactics by advertisers used for various business gains and let us consider one example where you reach a store through viewing an ad and as soon as you reach store you get a message that all the items have been sold out and you are offered an inferior product at the same price or at an increased price. So this is clearly an example of an unethical technique using misdirection and deception (Ethics in advertising, 2001). Advertising is a big business and millions of pounds are spent on it every month and therefore some companies try all sorts of tactics and sometimes these tactics might be illegal or immoral (Ethics in advertising, 2001). Unfortunately, in today’s world, it is becoming more and more morally degraded. In today’s advertising use of pornography, use of women models, the hype about the business and business autonomy has become more important than to lure the customers. Use of women in advertising: Images of female bodies are everywhere and women and their body parts sell everything from food to cars (Beauty and body images in the media, n.d.). Now in the today’s advertising new and younger, taller and thinner females are being portrayed and various women magazines are advertising various weight loss ads urging that anyone can lose twenty pounds (Beauty and body images in the media, n.d.).

Health Care Accreditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Care Accreditation - Essay Example These accreditations are important for clinics because customers tend to trust clinics that have such accreditations. The accreditation of Minnesota Hospital Price Check is not quite compulsory for Mayo Clinic but it is quite important to the patient as such accreditations aid patients in comparing the cost they will be paying for acquiring services. To obtain accreditation, a clinic has to first write an application letter to the accreditation company such as the Joint Commission, next the company provides details about what they will be evaluating and what are the standards, next the company conducts a survey of the clinic and if the clinic is operating according to the standard, the clinic gains accreditation. All accreditations last for a limited period of time, after this period, companies need to gain reaccredited. The process of getting reaccredited starts with an application sent to the accreditation company, the company then conducts an onsite survey and desk assessment and then decide whether to provide accreditation or not. If the organization is expected to loose or has lost its accreditation, the consequences are that consumer stop trusting that company and they start preferring other companies or clinics. " Top Performers on Key Quality Measures | Joint Commission." Accreditation, Health Care, Certification | Joint Commission. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012.

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies

Periodic Table Trend Anomalies Abstract: Atomic radius is the physical size of an atom while ionization energy is the energy required to completely pull one electron away from an atom. When it comes to the periodic table, there are accepted periodic trends for both atomic radius and ionization energy. However, there are some instances in which certain elements do not follow the predetermined periodic trends. These are areas in which trend anomalies occur. On the attached graph, four such anomalies are circled, but only three will be discussed: anomaly #2, anomaly #3, and anomaly #4. The purpose of this report is to explain what about these specified regions is unpredictable, and give a concise reasoning, in relation to electron configuration, as to why the anomalies occur. Ionization Energy: The general trend for ionization energy is that it increases up a group and also increases from left to right. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear consecutively on the periodic table, the left to right trend will be given focus. The reasoning for theis trend is dependent upon the Zeff. The Zeff increases concurrently with the number of protons in an atoms nucleus. The more protons in a nucleus, the more attraction there is between the individual electrons and the nucleus which in turn means a larger Zeff.The higher the Zeff, the closer the electrons are held to the nucleus and therefore, the more energy is required to separate those electrons from the atom. However, in some cases this trend does not apply to certain elements. The following anomalies occur with respect to the trend of ionization energy on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #2: Elements 7 8 The second anomaly found on the graph occurs at elements 7 and 8, Nitrogen and Oxygen. On the periodic table Nitrogen is element 7, indicating that is has 7 protons in its nucleus while Oxygen is element 8, indicating that is has 8 protons in its nucleus. Due to the fact that Oxygen has a larger number of protons in its nucleus, it should also have a larger Zeff. The larger Zeff means that there should be a greater attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, giving Oxygen a higher ionization energy than Nitrogen. This, however, is not the case. In fact, Nitrogen has a higher ionization energy that Oxygen. To understand why this occurs, the electron configurations of both elements should be taken into account. Nitrogen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p3 while Oxygen has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p4. Nitrogens p-orbital is exactly half full, with having 3 of a potential 6 electrons present. This configuration is considered to be a more stable one because there is an equal exchange of energies between the electrons of the 2p-orbital. This configuration is also considered to be more stable than the configuration of Oxygen, which has 4 electrons, more than half, in its p-orbital (Boudreaux, 2017). The increased stability of Nitrogen means that it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does to pull electrons from the less stable Oxygen (Woodward, 2017). This kind of anomaly also occurs at elements 15 and 16, Phosphorous and Sulfur. The two elements are in the same periodic groups as Oxygen and Nitrogen. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous has an exactly half full p-orbital, with 3 out of 6 possible electrons. Sulfur however, has a p-orbital with 4 electrons. Like Nitrogen, Phosphorous is considered to have a more stable configuration because the energy levels in the p-orbital are distributed evenly, while the energy levels in the p-orbital of Sulfur are not. Due to this increased stability in takes more energy to pull electrons from Phosphorous than it does for Sulfur, just as it does nor Nitrogen and Oxygen, despite the fact that the periodic trend for ionization energy would predict the exact opposite. Anomaly #3: Elements 45-50 The third anomaly on the graph occurs from elements 45 to 50; Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Indium, and Tin.ÂÂ   Based on the periodic trend for ionization energy, the ionization energy should gradually increase as the graph goes from element 45, Rhodium, to element 50, Tin. This should occur because each consecutive element has more protons in its nucleus than the last, meaning a larger Zeff and by extension, a larger ionization energy. This does not occur though. Instead, starting at Rhodium, the elements follow and up, down, up, down pattern with Rhodium and Tin marking the ending and the re-starting of the regular pattern, respectively. To better understand why this anomaly occurs the following table should be taken into consideration: Atomic Number Element Electron Configuration 45 Rhodium 5s14d8 46 Palladium 4d10 47 Silver 5s14d10 48 Cadmium 5s24d10 49 Indium 5s25p1 50 Tin 5s25p2 As previously stated these elements form a pattern that goes up, down, up, down with Rhodium marking the end of the previously regular trend and Tin marking the re-start of that trend. The first element that shoots up in ionization energy is Palladium. Palladium has a much larger ionization energy than Rhodium. This is because Palladium has a full d-orbital while Rhodium does not. Palladiums full d-orbital makes it a more stable element, because its valence orbital is satisfied, than Rhodium therefore, it takes more energy to pull electrons from Palladiums orbit than it does to pull them from Rhodiums. Silvers ionization energy it much lower than Palladiums however, and it is the first of the elements to go down in the pattern. While Silver does have a full d-orbital, it also has a half full s-orbital. Due to the fact that there is a half full s-orbital, Silvers orbitals are no longer satisfied. Palladium, however, still has a full d-orbital, with no electrons in the s-orbital, makin g it the more stable configuration. Once again, Palladium has the larger ionization energy because it is considered to have a more stable configuration, and it takes more energy to pull electrons from its orbit than it does for Silver. After Silver comes Cadmium. Cadmium is the second up element in the pattern. While both of the elements, Silver and Cadmium, have full d-orbitals, Cadmium also has a full s-orbital. Due to the fact that Cadmium has both s and d-orbitals full it is considered to have a more stable configuration than Silver, explaining why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy that Silver does. The next element to go down in the pattern is Indium. Cadmium is an extremely stable element because both its s and d-orbitals are full. Indium, however, has only 1 electron in its p-orbital making it a much less stable configuration than that of Cadmium (Barrens, 2007). Due to the fact that Indium is much less stable than Cadmium, it takes less energy to pull electrons from its orbit, giving reason to why Cadmium has a much larger ionization energy than Indium. The last element in the pattern, Tin, marks the re-start of the general ionization energy trend. Even though the electron configuration of Indium and Tin are very similar, Indium only has 1 electron in its p-orbital while Tin has 2. Despite the fact that the elements have similar configurations Tin is still considered to be a more stable element and therefore it has a larger ionization energy than Indium. After Tin, the accepted trend for ionization energy begins again. In relation to the huge jump in ionization energy between Cadmium and Indium, Zinc and Gallium also demonstrate the same kind of jump. Zinc and Gallium are in the same periodic groups as Cadmium and Indium. Zinc has an electron configuration of 4s23d10 while Gallium has an electron configuration of 4s24p1. Once again, Zinc`s 4s and 3d-orbitals are full, meaning it has a more stable configuration then Gallium, explaining why it has a high ionization energy. It should also be noted that the big drop in ionization energy occurs when a new subshell starts. The starting of a new subshell decreases the stability of an atoms configuration, making it easier to pull electrons from the orbit of that atom (Wiberg Wiberg, 2001). Atomic Radius: The accepted periodic trend for atomic radius is as follows: atomic radius increases down a group as well as from right to left on the periodic table. Due to the fact that the elements involved in the anomalies appear side by side on the table, focus will be given to the right to left trend. Atomic radii decrease from left to right due to the fact that effective nuclear charge, Zeff, increases from left to right. The Zeff is the overall pull an electron feels from the nucleus; the greater the attraction between the nucleus and the electrons, the greater the Zeff. This means that as the number of protons in the nucleus increases, so does the Zeff because there is a greater attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons. The greater the pull of the electrons to the nucleus the smaller the atomic radius. This trend, however, is not always followed. The following anomaly occurs with respect to the trend for atomic radius on the periodic table of elements: Anomaly #4: Elements 58 to 72 First Row Inner-transition Metals This anomaly occurs from element 58 to 71, Cerium to Hafnium. Based on the trend explained above, the atomic radius for these elements should increase from Hafnium to Cerium due to the fact that each element, going backwards, has less protons in its nucleus than the last, therefore, having a smaller Zeff. This, however, does not occur and instead the graph shows the inner-transition metals to have almost or exactly the same atomic radii. This anomaly occurs due to what is called Lanthanoid contraction. To understand this anomaly the electron configuration of these elements must be taken into consideration. All of these elements have a 4f-orbital, which makes them unique (NCERT, 2017). Typically, atomic radius tends to decrease when moving from left to right on the periodic table because there is room for more electrons in the existing energy levels.ÂÂ   When more electrons are added to these energy levels atomic radius tends to get smaller because the additional protons attract the electrons more, and pull the outer shell of electrons closer to the nucleus. This does not happen with electrons in the f-orbitals though. Instead of electrons being added to the outer shell of the atom, electrons are added to an inner-shell where f-orbital elements are concerned (Wicks, 2015). This causes a shielding effect. The shielding effect occurs when the inner-shell electrons shield the outer-shell electrons from the full magn itude of the nuclear charge, or attraction to the nucleus (Bains, 2014). This shielding effect is Lanthanoid contraction.ÂÂ   In elements 58 to 71, Lanthanoid contraction causes the 4f electrons to shield each other from their attraction to the nucleus. Due to the fact that these elements do not feel the full attraction of the nucleus the atomic radius does not increase a large amount. This explains why the inner-transition metals have atomic radii that are very similar, and do not differ very much in magnitude (Encyclopedia, 2011). References Bains, Amrit. (2014). Lanthanide Contraction. Retrieved from Chemistry LibreTexts: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/4_f-Block_Elements/The_Lanthanides/aLanthanides%3A_Properties_and_Reactions/Lanthanide_Contraction Barrens, Richard. (2007). Zinc and Gallium Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Students` Technical Activities Body : https://stab-iitb.org/newton-mirror/askasci/chem07/chem07038.htm Boudreaux, Kevin. (2017). Periodic Trends Ionization Energy. Retrieved from Angelo State University: https://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/periodic/trends_ionization_energy.htm Britannica Encyclopedia. (2011). Lanthanois Contraction . Retrieved from Britannica Encyclopedia : https://www.britannica.com/science/lanthanoid-contraction NCERT (National Council for Edication and Training). (2017). The d- and f- block Elements. Retrieved from National Council for Education and Training : http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lech108.pdf Wiberg, Egon., Wiberg, Nils. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. In E. Wiberg, N. Wiberg, Inorganic Chemistry (p. 1306). San Diego: Academic Press. Wicks, Kurt. (2015). Exceptions to the General Trend for Atomic Radius. Retrieved from Chemistry Lecture Notes: http://www.chemistrylecturenotes.com/html/exceptions_to_the_general_tren.html Woodward, Pat. (2017). Ionization Energy . Retrieved from Ohio State University : http://cbc-wb01x.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch121/ch7_ie.htm

Nissan: Culture and Earlier Cg Uses

CM J41 Strategy Execution [pic] 1. 0 Resume: The case is about the turnaround of Nissan in the year 1999 to 2002. Nissan experienced great finances looses for the past seven out of eight years which resulted in a 22 billion $ debt and an outdated product portfolio with little liquid capital for new product development. In just 12 months the new COO, Carlos Ghosn (CG), succeeded in turning Nissan into profitability with a new and more performance oriented corporate culture. 2. Evaluation of Carlos Ghosn’s approach to turning Nissan around: The overall evaluation of CG is full of success which, I think, is duo to his personal background, his philosophies of management and a little bit of luck. CG has a multicultural background and has proven himself having capacity for global leadership. In his career he has learned to manage large operations under adverse condition on four different continents and speaks five languages. He has a very open and pragmatic approach towards his surr oundings, with this in mind his specialty is improving cost efficiencies, and this has earned him the nickname â€Å"Le Cost-Killer†.CG philosophies of management consist of three principals. These are transparency, execution and communication which all are essential to give employees structure and direction. His leadership style is characterized by him being achievement orientated, participative, supportive and directive leader. Furthermore a unique quality and vital factor for CG success is in my opinion was his implementation of the Cross Functional Teams (CFT) and his approach to cultural conflict, which he sees as an opportunity to create rapid innovation, if paced and channelled correctly. In the above mentioned I state, that CGs approach was a success.In the following four aspects I will try to prove this, by stressing out different arguments from the case combined with relevant theory. 2. 1 Resistance to change: People do not resist change but specific things. (Notes lec. 5) Over 50 % of all change initiatives in organizations fail to succeed and when this occurs, leaders often blame resistance. They assume that if only people would stop complaining and get on board, all would be fine (Ford et al. , 2009). But resistance is, in fact, a form of feedback, often provided by people who know more about day-to-day operations than you do.It can therefore be turned into a vibrant conversation that gives your change effort a higher profile (Ford et al. , 2009). This could be one of the reasons to why CG set up the CFT. Dismissing the feedback deprives you of potentially valuable information, costs you goodwill, and jeopardizes important relationships. If you learn to embrace resistance, you can use it as a resource and find your way to a better solution (Ford et al. , 2009). Resistance, properly understood as feedback, can be an important resource in improving the quality and clarity of the objectives and strategies at the heart of a change proposal.And, properly used, it can enhance the prospects for successful implementation (Ford et al. , 2009). Looking at the theory applied and the case, I believe that the resistance to change that CG faced was inevitable. As I see it one of the main reasons for resistances was due to the culture background, however there were several of underlying causes that could create a tension and resistance to change at Nissan. One is a more general conflict that arises when trying to move people, who do not find movement necessary.Another resistance point could be the urge for protecting ones career development, which before the intervention of CG was based on promotion on seniority basis and a zero mistake culture, which resulted in general a lack of innovation, a slow decision making and risk adverse mentality. To this CG responded with a change in the career development structure at Nissan, so that the highest achievers got the highest rewards and promotion was based on performance, leading to higher performance, willingness to make mistakes and create an innovation platform.Although these initiatives where not without resistance, because of the promotion of some younger leader over older, long serving employees which was in opposition to Japanese culture norms, CG took the same approach as with cultural differences and saw growth opportunities instead of problems for the young managers since they where challenged in their authority, which gave them growth experiences. As an overall when it comes to turning a company around as drastically as was needed for Nissan it is bound to create some resistance, and that CG new and was prepared for.Such a big change makes the future uncertain for many employees and the uncertainty is something many naturally try to avoid, and thereby instinctively becomes resistant. This Combined with a strong Japanese traditions, an organizational culture that has hindered innovation, adaptability and accountability, and last but not least a Japanese gov ernment that historically always have bailed out troubled employees, thereby creating no reason for action, and a feeling of no urgency, only made the resistance worse.All this being said, I am convinced that CG handed the resistance to change ideally. He didn’t as Ford el al. points out hold any possible reason for failure on resistance, and thereby risking overlooking opportunities to strengthen operational outcomes. 2. 2 Organizational culture: A part of the organizational culture at Nissan was the sub optimization with focus only on each individuals own department with little regard for understanding the company as a whole. This including other aspects of the organizational culture resulted in CG detecting a series of problems.From management side, the most fundamental ones was the lack of vision and ignoring customer voices. Furthermore he identified problems with, lack of clear profit orientation, lack of sense of urgency, no shared vision, insufficient focus on custome r and too much focus on competitors and lack of cross functional implementations. As a consequence of these findings CG organized nine CFTs for tackling Nissan’s cultural problems, and allowing the company to develop a new corporate culture from the best elements of Japan`s national culture.Working together in the CFTs helped managers think in new ways (innovation) and challenge the existing practices (efficiency). CG explained to employees at all levels of the company that they them selves possessed solutions to Nissan’s problems, giving them a sense of responsibility and ownership in turning Nissan around. It was neither top-down nor bottom-up. It was both â€Å"top-down and bottom-up. † CG could just have formulated solutions by himself and ordered them to be implemented by senior managers, but he believed in the managers and employees in Nissan, nd he was good at showing them this. As mentioned in 2. 0 he believed that if one just dictated changes from above , the effort could backfire, undermining morale and productivity. The CFTs was a way to minor the resistance to change and involve and motivate middle managers who had detailed information about the company’s daily business and had the potential to come up with solutions to the company’s problems. Even before taking over the position as COO, he had industry analysts against him, whom anticipated a culture clash between the French leadership style and his new Japanese employees.This could also have affected some employee attitude towards CG in a negative way beforehand. Besides this I am convinced that many parts of the Nissan organization did not feel very good about having CG changing things as drastically as he did. A labeling from the media as a gaijin, a foreigner and a reduction of 21,000 jobs, will inevitably create an uncertainty and therefore opponents among both lower level employees as well as higher in the hierarchy.Also the new employee advancement strategy , which challenged the traditional career advancement, created some negative emotions towards CG among the older, longer serving employees, since they were no longer automatically granted with a career advancement for long time service in the company. Furthermore, layoff of several of managers who did not meet targets regardless of circumstances and the demotion of Vice President of Sales and Marketing in Japan presumably created resistance and discontent.But I do believe that CG was successful in enlisting most of the organizations support over a fairly short period of time, though his leadership style, where his visibility and openness to taking recommendations & opinions of Nissan people seriously. Another reason is the respect for leadership that is inherent in most Japanese. This made his approach to leadership even more effective. Also the delegation of responsibilities to the CFTs helped getting the support of middle and lower levels, so he could focus his attention on top ma nagement. 2. 3 National culture:The national culture has without a doubt played a large part in the outcome of CG’s attempt to turn Nissan around. On one hand it hindered change because of the sense of security the government created and its rigid approach to decision making and career advancement. On the other hand the respect for leadership made it easier for him and his CFTs to have an impact on the organization. The cultural differences between CG and the Nissan organization was profound because he had never been exposed to Japanese culture before, but his approach to the culture ensured that he was fully aware of the issues that could arise.He stated that he wanted to discover Japan by being in Japan with Japanese people. That shows his humble and respectful approach to their culture, which I think benefited him allot and which I in the following will show some examples of. The respectful approach to the Japanese culture forced e. g. CG to pay extra attention on the empo werment of employees. As mentioned, Japanese business culture is characterized by a search for conscientiousness, corporation, group harmony, and an avoidance of mistakes. This all leads to a delay of decision making and a lack of responsibility.The introduction of CFTs was in my opinion a strategic stroke of genius because it was partly an attempt to break with the inconveniences of Japanese culture without harassing the fundamentals and partly because people in the CFTs got a bird’s eye perspective of the company and it gave them a sense of ownership and responsibility, which was necessary to turn things around. Cultural conflict could, in my opinion, easily be a root to resistance to change but as mentioned earlier CG uses and see cultural conflict as something positive if handled correctly, which also is in line with both Ford et al. and Dent et al. iew of how resistance to change should be handled (Ford et al. , 2009) (Dent et al. , 1999). By introducing the CFTs CG also avoided the failure that many companies often do in the execution of their strategy, which is going directly to the structural reorganization. Instead he focused on some of the most powerful drivers of effectiveness – decision rights and information flows (Nielson et al, 2008). The CFTs had in their ability of being cross functional all the information they needed to take the right decisions and by encouraging the members to come forth with their ideas and take risks the effectiveness of the CFTs was even greater.CG also changed the traditional Japanese compensation system to a more Western approach with possibility for employee advancements based on performance instead of seniority. This greatly empowered the talented employees, who was much needed in the turnaround but was also a source of conflict between young leader and older, longer-serving employees. But again CG saw a possible conflict as a positive thing. â€Å"†¦these tests of authority were growth experience s for young managers†.This shows again his personal ability to turn challenges into something good and productive. 2. 4 Luck and timing: There is no doubt that CG was lucky. His timing was impeccable as the bankruptcy of Yamaichi happened when he took office as COO in Nissan. The misfortune of the major financial house in Japan helped open the eyes of the employees in Nissan. The employees realized that lifetime employment was no longer a reality and that they had to do their own part to secure the company’s future and thus their own jobs.CG, to his credit, used the Yamaichi example whenever he could to continue to motivate his employees, repeating that their fate would be no different if they did not put all of their effort into figuring out, and then executing, the best way to turn Nissan around. By repeating the story CG paved the way for a major organizational and cultural change that otherwise would have been hard to push through. If people do not see why change is necessary, then motivation for change will be nonexistent.Moving a huge organization simply by brute force is an impossible task, but CG’s strike of luck created a powerful momentum that diminished potential resistance to change. Without this, CG and his CFTs would probably have faced a much more daunting task if the turnaround had taken place few years earlier. But it was not all luck. CG a used the bankruptcy strategic in the meaning of unfreezing the organization in Lewins words or as Cotter expresses it â€Å"creating a burning platform†. By telling the story over and over again he made the organization and every employee ready for change.When everyone was ready CG created a vision that was tangible, concise, and easy to relate to for the employees. It is not enough to create a great vision. It also has to be communicated effectively to the organization. CG was aware of this as the quote below shows â€Å"He was the first manager to actually walk around the entir e company and meet every employee in person, shaking hands and introducing himself†. CG was prepared to â€Å"walk the talk† himself and did so by taking the lead and thereby showing the employees the way. 3. 0 Conclusion: All in all I think CG did an incredible job turning Nissan around in a very short period of time.Inspired by the voting we have done in the class, I would give him a 12, the highest mark. As a non-Japanese COO he managed to overcome Japanese cultural obstacles, as well as effectively transforming a bureaucratic organizational culture and turning a large continuing deficit into a profit within 12 month. One could question though whether his successor will be able to continue what CG started or if he needs to find his own way. Either way, CG has a justifiable concern for the future of Nissan. They might be on the right path, but they are still far from reaching their goals.

The Reproduction of Emotion Creating Lexico-Stylistic Devices of the Short Story the Pit and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian Translation by R. Dotsenko

Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sport of Ukraine Lviv Ivan Franko National University Faculty of Foreign Languages Hryhoriy Kochur Department of Translation Studies and Contrastive Linguistics The reproduction of emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the short story The Pit and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian translation by R. Dotsenko Course paper Done by a 4th-year student O. V. Pidhorodetska Scholarly supervisor: L. M. Tarapatska Reviewer: T. O. Dytyna LVIV 2012 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter1. EMOTIVE PROSE AS A SPECIFIC GENRE OF ARTISTIC LITERATURE AND EPITHET, SIMILE AND METAPHOR AS MEANS OF CREATIVE REPRESENTATION OF IDEAS IN A LITERARY WORK†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 1. Emotive prose as a form of artistic literature and peculiarities of its translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 1. 2. The notion of epithet as a member of epithet construction and ways of its rendering in the process of translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 3. Simile as a stylistic device and methods of its translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 1. 4. The notion of metaphor and problems connected to its translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Chapter 2. E. A. POE'S SHORT STORY THE PIT AND TH E PENDULUM AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ITS EMOTION CREATING LEXICO-STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONBY R. DOTSENKO†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 2. 1. Characteristic features of E. A. Poe's short story The Pit and the Pendulum. 20 2. 2. The reproduction of emotion creating epithets, similes and metaphors of the short story by E.A. Poe in the Ukrainian translation by R. Dotsenko†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 LIST OF REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 INTRODUCTION Edgar Allan Poe's The Pit and the Pendulum is a short stor y of the macabre describing the experience of being tortured. The paper concentrates on the emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the story as rendered in the Ukrainian translation by R. Dotsenko.The research paper is an attempt to investigate epithet, simile and metaphor within the given work of literature, where they serve as primary means of creating the effect of horror and making an emotional impact on the readership, and to analyse the peculiarities of reproducing these lexico-stylistic features of the original in the Ukrainian translation done by Rostyslav Dotsenko. The topicality of the paper consists in the fact that lexico-stylistic devices form the basis of any literary work since they serve as means of creative representation of the author's ideas and producing emotive influence on the readership.As far as lexico-stylistic devices are reflecting author's individual view of an object or phenomenon and may involve background knowledge of the readership for the pragm atic impact to be realized, their translation requires translator's creativity. The paper summarizes the ideas expressed by Russian and Ukrainian scholars (I. Galperin, A. Fiodorov, I. Retsker, B. Koptilov and D. Diuryshyn) as well as foreign ones (M. Sanches, I. Burkhanov) concerning emotive prose as a specific genre of literature and its characteristic features which should be aken into account by a translator. The paper also outlines the notions of epithet, simile and metaphor, their fucntions in an artistic text and methods of their reproduction by means of target language as researched by K. Lototska, O. Hrabovetska, O. Molchko, T. Onoprienko, Yu. Skrebnev, P. Newmark, P. Pierini, M. Larson and other scholars. The overall aim of the conducted research may be defined as an attempt to trace to which extent the expressiveness and emotional loading of epithets, similes and metaphors were reproduced in the translation.The object of the paper is a stylystic function of epithets, simi les and metaphors as means of creating negative emotions within the short story The Pit and the Pendulum by E. A. Poe and its Ukrainian translation done by Rostyslav Dotsenko. The subject of the paper is the reproduction of emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices (epithets, similes and metaphors) of the aforementioned short story in the Ukrainian translation and the translation methods applied by Rostyslav Dotsenko in order to convey in an adequate way the atmosphere of the macabre intended by the author. The objectives of the paper are the following: to define characteristic features of the literary writing under analysis, which belongs to the genre of emotive prose; * to provide theoretical basis for consideration of epithet, simile and metaphor as major means of creating negative and â€Å"obscure emotion† conveying the macabre; * to look into stylistic function and expressive potential of epithets, similes and metaphors in the given literary work; * to analyze the pecul iarities of the translated lexico-stylistic devices, their stylistic function and emotional loading; * to compare the pragmatic impact produced by translated epithets, similes and metaphors with that produced by corresponding original lexico-stylistic devices. The methods applied in the process of analysis of the original literary work and its Ukrainian translation comprise1)method of dictionary definition and ontrastive componential analysis (to examine subtle differences insemantic structure and emotional loading of original and translated lexico-stylistic devices), 2) stylistic analysis (to trace the adequate reproduction of stylistic colouring of the original literary work in the translation), 3) comparative analysis (to investigate weather the expressiveness ofthe translated lexico-stylistic devices is equivalent to that of the original tropes). The practical value of the paper consists in the analysis of translated epithets, similes and metaphors of the short story by E. A. Po e, which ensures understanding the importance of these lexico-stylistic devices for creating negative emotions within the framework of the literary work. The research is based on the corpus of 87 samples from the analized short story. The paper consists of Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Conclusions and List of References. Chapter 1 concentrates on the research of emotive prose and peculiarities of its translation.The chapter also contains considerations on the notions of epithet, simile and metaphor, their functioning within a literary work and ways of rendering them into a target language. Chapter 2 comprises overall analysis of emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the short story The Pit and the Pendulum and also contains contrastive analysis of the most bright examples of original epithets, similes and metaphors and the correspinding lexico-stylistic devices in the Ukrainian translation. The Conclusions contain the results of the conducted research, outline the metho ds of translation applied by R. Dotsenko while reproducing emotion creating lexico-stylistic devices of the short story.The List of References provides the list of theoretical, literary and lexicographical sources which were cited in the paper and consulted in order to conduct of the research. CHAPTER 1. EMOTIVE PROSE AS A SPECIFIC GENRE OF LITERATURE AND EPITHET, SIMILE AND METAPHOR AS MEANS OF CREATIVE REPRESENTATION OF IDEAS IN A LITERARY WORK 1. 1. Emotive prose as a form of artistic literature and peculiarities of its translation. In order to grasp the specifics of artistic translation, it is reasonable to look at the properties of literary text first. It is obvious that each text type is characterized with certain style of language determined by the function performed by the text. The style of literature was nominated by I.Galperin as belles-lettres, a generic term which comprises three substyles: 1) the language of poetry, 2) emotive prose,and 3) the language of the drama [31 , p. 250]. Each of these substyles has certain common features which compose the foundation of the style and by which the particular style can be recognized and singled out. Besides, each substyle possesses definite individual features by which they are distinguished. The most important feature of a literary work is that it is a bearer of an aesthetic function. Literary text constitutes subjectively transformed reflection of the objective reality in harmony with the aesthetic-emotional intent of the author: he/she endeavours to convey their ideas, thoughts and emotions.From the point of view of the language resources choice, literary work is characterized with 1) genuine imagery achieved by purely linguistic devices, 2) the use of words in different meanings, greatly influenced by the lexical environment, 3) vocabulary which will reflect to a certain degree the author's personal evaluation of things or phenomena, 4) peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax, and 5) the introduction of the typical features of colloquial language to a full degree (drama), to a lesser degree (in prose), to a slight degree (poetry) [31, p. 251]. Besides, it is claimed that the principal feature of literary text rests on its focus on the message and not on the content [37, p. 123]. The other basic feature of literary works is their saturation with artistic images. Emotive prose – implies principally books of the imaginative kinds, such as novels and short stories – shares the same common features, but these features are correlated differently than in poetry.The imagery is not so rich as in poetry; the percentage of words with contextual meaning is not so high. Emotive prose features the combination of the literary variant of the language, both in words and in syntax, with the colloquial variant. But the colloquial language in the belles-lettres style is not a simple reproduction of the natural speech, it undergoes changes introduced by the writer and is m ade â€Å"literary-like†. In emotive prose there are always two forms of communication present –monologue (the writer's speech) and dialogue (the speech of the characters). Emotive prose allows the use of elements from other styles as well. But all these styles undergo a kind of transformation under the influence of emotive prose.Thus, artistic translation must be approached as â€Å"a kind of aesthetically-oriented mediated bilingual communication, which aims at producing a target text intended to communicate its own form, correspondent with the source text, and accordant with contemporary literary and translational norms of the receptor culture [28, p. 139]. † In order to produce a high quality translation of a literary work of art, the following peculiarities of the given type of translation and problems connected to it should be taken intoaccount. Literary translation is very different from other types of translation because of its inability to rely primaril y on a simple reproduction of language units.Consequently, in the process of translating literary text a method of adequate changes is widely used. This method consists in the idea that for the accurate rendering of the thought the translator has to distract from original set of words, dictionary and phrase correspondences and to search for solutions of the task considering the entire: content, ideological direction and style of the original source [23, p. 310]. Very often in translations of artistic literature, particularly fiction, the accuracy is achieved not by means of direct translation but due to deviations from the original and appropriate substitutions; it cannot rely on standard solutions of translation problems.Artistic translation is a specific kind of translation since it consists not in accurate rendering of the content but in reflection of thoughts and feelings of the author by means of another language [12, p. 7]. As far as every piece of emotive prose is saturated w ith artistic images to a greater or lesser extent, it is desirable that the translator should analyze artistic images and their structure before translating the work in order to reproduce the author's intent in full. The translator should think in images and have the abilities to describe the image using the diversity of linguistic devices and techniques that exist in the arsenal of a target language. One of the problems of artistic translation is the interrelation between the context of the author and that of the translator.It is obvious that no translation can be absolutely accurate since the very language system of the recipient literature with its objective data cannot convey perfectly the content of the original, which inevitably leads to a loss of a certain amount of information. D. Diuryshyn also mentions that qualitative rendering of content of a certain literary work also depends on the personality of the translator, who is very likely to omit something from the content whi le recoding the text, and his predisposition to demonstrate or not to demonstrate all the peculiarities of the original  [7,  p. 114]. Among the main objectives aimed by the translator of fiction is that of rendering individual distinctness of the original. Individual distinctness is largely associated with philosophy and aesthetics of the author. A.Fiodorov identifies several key cases of correlation between distinctness of the original and the form of its reproduction: 1) smoothing, or depersonalization in order to satisfy requirements of literary norm of the language or tastes of a particular literary school; 2) attempts of formalistic accurate reproduction of particular elements of the original notwithstanding requirements of the language which is being translated – phenomenon which finally results in violence towards language and linguo-stylistic deficiency; 3) deformation of individual distinctness of the original as a result of arbitrary interpretation and arbitrar y substitution of some peculiarities by others; 4) full-fledged reproduction of individual distinctness of the original with full range of its essential features and language requirements [23, p. 400]. I. Retsker defines the following qualities of adequate translation: comprehensive transfer of semantic content of the text and rendering of this content by equivalent means, i. e. those that perform the function analogous to that performed by the original verbal means  [21,  p. 10]. Having considered the main peculiarities and problems of translating artistic literature, emotive prose in particular, the conclusion is reached that translator before rendering an original into a target language should nalyze peculiarities of the literary work he is going to translate, namely its structure on lexical, semantic and stylistic levels. The translator shouldn't strive for simple reproducing of lexical units but try to render the emotions and intention of the author as well as convey indivi dual distinctness of the original. Special attention should be paid to artistic images, which are to be examined in the original and then rendered appropriately in the translation. 1. 2. The notion of epithet as a member of epithet construction and ways ofits rendering in the process of translation. Some scholars, for example T. Onoprienko, believe that epithet may be defined as a generating centre of the whole system of tropes since any trope can be transformed into an epithet.Since it may be metaphorical, metonymic, ironical, or based on a simile, epithet is not a pure trope and is often treated as a stylistic mixture, a hybrid. K. Lototska defines epithet as â€Å"a stylistic device based on the interaction of logical and emotive meanings of the word, which expresses the individual, evaluative, emotionally coloured attitude of the author towards the object/person described by emphasizing a certain property or feature [15, p. 90]. † Epithet expresses characteristics of an o bject, both existing and imaginary. The basic feature of this stylistic device is its emotiveness and subjectivity: the characteristic attached to an object to qualify it is always chosen by a speaker himself. It is possible to say that in epithet it is the emotive meaning of the word that is foregrounded to suppress the denotational meaning of the latter [13, p. 31]. † In a sentence epithet usually fulfils the syntactic function of attribute or predicative, thus being expressed mostly by adjectives, sometimes adverbs, and very rarely by nouns . It is important to mention that any trope implies â€Å"semasiological two-dimensional use of a word in which its material form simultaneously actualizes two types of meaning – direct and figurative [3, p. 481]. † However, trope can be realized only in the context, in binary formation. T. Onoprienko defines this formation as trope configuration which consist of wo components: the actualizator of trope (I) (the component a lways used in direct meaning) and the core of trope (II) (the component used in figurative meaning) [16, p. 4]: e. g. â€Å"vague (II) horror (I) [39, p. 103]. † Thus, it would be more logically to consider epithets not separately but as a member of epithet construction. Three connotative components of the meaning are actualised in semantic structure of epithet construction: evaluative, emotive and figurative [6, p. 7]. Such semantic structure makes epithet construction different from logical attributive construction where logical attribute is objective and non-evaluating, e. g. â€Å"black-robed judges [39, p. 102]. Even if the epithet names typical characteristic, it always contains individual comprehension of the object or phenomenon, e. g. â€Å"frequent and thoughtful endeavors to remember [39, p. 103]. † A number of scholars, including I. Galperin, classify epithets into two main semantic types: associated and unassociated. Associated epithets point out typical features of the objects which they describe. Such typical features are implied by the meaning of the nouns themselves, e. g. â€Å"frail web [39, p. 102]†, bitter tears. Unassociated epithets ascribe to objects such qualities which are not inherent in them, e. g. â€Å"ravenous eyes [39, p. 106]†, â€Å"immovable resolution [39, p. 102]. As a result, the created image is fresh, original, unexpected and expressive. A wide range of epithets among those of the second group are figurative ones as far as they are formed of metaphors, metonymies and similes expressed by adjectives, e. g. â€Å" [38, p. 216]† – simile-based epithet construction. Associated epithets, on the contrary, are mostly language epithets. Their usage with certain nouns has become traditional and stable. Unassociated epithets are also called speech epithets since they are created in the process of communication. From the point of view of their distribution in a sentence, epithets may be used in pairs (e. g. hideous and repulsive devices [39, p. 106]†) and in chains (e. g. â€Å"feeble, scarcely sane, scarcely definite thought [39, p. 108]†). The chain of epithets gives a many-sided description of the object, but in this many-sidedness there is always a suggestion of an ascending order of emotive elements, which culminates in the last epithet. Z. Proshina mentiones another distributional model – the transferred epithet which is originally logical attribute generally describing the state of a human being, but made to refer to an inanimate object [20, p. 211]. The meaning of the logical attributes in such combinations acquires a definite emotinal colouring, e. g. Even then, while I gazed, they [rats] came up in troops, hurriedly, with ravenous eyes, allured by the scent of the meat [39, p. 106]† (the word ravenous is logically linked with they, syntactically with eyes). In the English and Ukrainian languages there are such epithet constructio ns which coincide not only in general content but also in their componential structure and stylistic, emotional and expressive shades. These are full epithet equivalents, and majorly fixed epithets belong to them. Sometimes epithet constructions differ in their componential structure but are almost equal in their emotional, expressive and stylistic characteristics. These expressions are partial epithet equivalents and ensure full adequacy of translation.Today's artistic literature is characterized by the great role of epithet as a decorative element able to express the author's attitude to the character, idea and narration in general. To convey the author's intent, the translator must be very careful in selecting words with the same denotative and connotative meanings. According to O. Hrabovetska, the most widespread method of translating epithet constructions is calquing. Calques are those epithet constructions which convey the denotative or connotative sense layer. Sometimes the u se of calquing method without penetrating into the depth of epithet construction semantics may lead to the transformation of translated work into the enumeration of foreign and incomprehensible concepts.In this case it would be more sensible to use decompression,or partial calquing when side by side with calque its explanation is provided. This is especially reasonable when the original is full of allusions and units of vertical context which may be unknown for the target reader. Descriptive paraphrase is used when translation requires a high level of explicitness. This method helps to actualize the implicit content of the original in translation and to avoid unnecessary associations [6, p. 14-16]. The conclusion may be made that epithet is a stylistic device based on interplay of logical and emotive meaning of the word. It is characterized with a high level of emotiveness and subjectivity.This stylistic device should not be considered separately, but as a part of two-member constru ction which consists of the epithet and the word it refers to. Semantically epithets are classified into associated and unassociated. Associated epithets are mostly language epithets, while unassociated epithets are referred to as speech epithets. Epithets may be used in pairs and in chains. There are also transferred epithets, or epithets syntactically joined to a word to which they do not belong logically. Epithets play a significant role in imaginative literature since they are bearers of essential emotional and expressive load of any literary work. Thus, while rendering epithets into target text, translator should select words carefully to avoid possible losses of meaning and expressiveness.The main ways of of epithet translation are calquing, decompression and descriptive paraphrase. 1. 3. Simile as a stylistic device and methods of its translation. Simile is an imaginative comparison, which is also called literary comparison. â€Å"It consists in an explicit likening of one o bject (the tenor) to another object (the vehicle) on the basis of some common feature/characteristic (the ground) [15, p. 102]. † It is important not to confuse simile with ordinary logical comparison. The last one pressuposes comparison of two objects belonging to one class of things and is stylistically neutral (e. g. he works as hard as a miner), while in simile two objects from different classes are brought together (e. g. â€Å"seven tall candles †¦ eemed white and slender angels who would save me [39, p. 102]†). â€Å"Any image is based on the use of similiarity between two distant objects [1, p. 140]. † I. Galperin believes that comparison takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is compared, while simile excludes all the properties of the two objects except one which is made common to them [31, 167]. According to N. Shapovalova , the structure of simile is formed by combination of the following elements: 1) subject (comparandum), i. e. an object or phenomenon which features are being uncovered via other one; 2) object of comparison (comparatum), i. e. n object or phenomenon which possesses vividly expressed and well-known to the speaker features and, consequently, is used by him for characterization of the object or phenomenon under cognition; 3) the ground of simile (tertium comparationis), i. e. the property on the basis of which the two objects are compared. It is either mentioned explicitely (e. g. â€Å"the under edge evidently as keen as that of a razor[39, p. 107]†, â€Å"? – , ? [38, p. 213]†)or left for the recipient to guess. In the latter case simile is richer in associations that may arise. â€Å"If the foundation of a simile is not clear from the context, the author supplies it with a key, making it extended [15, p. 102]. 4) The indicator of comparative relations, language connective element which serves as a link between the author's view of t he object and the very object and therefore ensures integrity of comparative construction [24, 7-8]. The connective affirms that the relationship between the tenor and the vehicle is an imaginary one, an appearance, a resemblance rather than reality. The presence of such linking element in its structure makes simile different from metaphor. The latter, due to the absence of the formal element and the implication which this element bears, may convey the relationship between the involved phenomena in different way, partially eliminating the author's point of view and giving place for the reader's viewpoint.According to the nature of language means expressing comparative relations, O. Molchko devides comparative constructions into two groups: with conjunctions or conjunction-like phrases and without them. Besides, the researcher claims that comparative constructions with conjunctions in both English and Ukrainian languages are a lot more numerous than those without conjunctions [16, p. 294]. Among conjunctions frequently used in similes, as well as in logical comparisons, are: like, as, such as, as if, seem in English; , , , , in Ukrainian. For instance, â€Å"I fell suddenly calm, and lay smiling at the glittering death, as a child at some rare bauble [39, p. 107]†; â€Å"†¦ ? , ? [38, p. 207]. † In similes without conjunctive elements the link between comparandum and comparatum can be expressed by way of (1) lexical indicator of comparativeness (when subject and object in comparative construction are linked to each other by adjective, verb or participle I such as to resemble, to look, to suggest in English and , in Ukrainian (e. g. â€Å" , ? ? , , [38, p. 215]†) or (2) adjective in comparative degree (e. g. â€Å"They [lips] appeared to me white –whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words  [39,  p. 102]†).The stylistic function of imaginative comparison consists in enrichment of the expres siveness of a literary work by bringing together quite different objects and, consequently, helping to uncover in the object of comparison, besides its main qualities, a number of additional ones, often quite unexpected. The greater the semantic distance between the tenor and the vehicle is in a simile, the more striking effect the stylistic device will produce. Thus, an original simile is one of the most powerful image creating devices. Yu. Skrebnev mentions that simile has manifold forms, semantic features and expressive aims. Simile can be expressed by a simple sentence (e. g. â€Å"There was a harsh grating as of a thousand thunders! [39, p. 110]†) or a complex sentence with an adverbial clause of comparison (e. g. I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a galvanic battery [39, p. 102]†); it is often seen in a single compound word (e. g. giant-like). Great number of similes have become hackneyed in consequence of long usage and are used as idioms, e. g. as alike as chalk and cheese. These similes are deprived of imagery and expressiveness but still may be encountered in artistic literature. What makes creative similes stryking is the author's indication of previously unnoticed similarity between objects belonging to different classes. Thus, simile may pose a challenge for a translator, who should convey the expressiveness of the image in full.P. Pierini indicates the following translation strategies applicable to simile: 1) literal translation (retention of the same vehicle); 2) replacement of the vehicle with a different one; 3) reduction of the simile, if idiomatic, to its sense; 4) retention of the same vehicle plusexplanation of similarity features; 5) replacement of the vehicle with a gloss; 6)  omission of the simile [36, p. 31]. A number of scholars, including M. Larson, mention the following techniques for translating simile: 1) keeping the same simile; 2) replacing by another simile, but keeping the ori ginal meaning; 3) keeping the same simile, but spreading it [33, p. 246].The Translation Studies scholars share the idea that in some cases the application of a combination of more than one strategy is needed to convey properly the expressiveness of a simile. E. Fadaee assumes that translator before rendering the stylistic device should first assess the background knowledge of target readers since they may not have the knowledge needed for interpreting the simile. If translator consider the target readership to possess the required information, he will leave the simile unchanged; if the target readership does not share the knowledge, some modifications to the source simile may be required, e. g. addition of some explanatory information [30, p. 177].Therefore, simile, which is a stylistic device consisting in likening one object to another on the basis of a common feature, should be distinguished from logical comparison. Simile can be expressed by a variety of syntactic structures. T his trope significantly contributes to the overall expressiveness of a literary work. As far as simile contains individual vision of an object by the author and may also require some background knowledge possessed by the recipients of the original and not shared by the readers of the target culture, translator must be creative and careful while rendering original similes. A number of scholars, including P.Pierini and M. Larson, outline the main ways of translation applicable to simile. 1. 4. The notion of metaphor and problems connected to its translation. The awareness of a complicated and contradictory nature of a metaphor became the main reason for scholarly thought to move in various directions taking into account different aspects of this phenomenon. Thus, P. Newmark under the notion of metaphor means â€Å"any figurative expression: the transferred sense of a physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what it does not lit erary denote, e. g. to describe one thing in terms of other [34, p. 106]. Nevertheless, all the definitions tend to share common dominant features and may be summarized by the understanding of a metaphor as â€Å"a trope or figure of speech, which consists in application of a word, denoting a particular class of objects, phenomena, actions or attributive qualities, to characterize or nominate another object, which is similar to this one in terms of any kind of relationship[2, p. 81]. † George Lakoff and Mark Johnson find it necessary to emphasize that despite the widespread idea of a metaphor as a means of poetic imagination and rhetorical flourishing, this lexico-stylistic device is also pervasive in everyday life not only in language but also in our thought and action, which are fundamentally metaphorical in nature [32, p. 3]. At the same time, majority of scholars focuses on a metaphor as a powerful means of creating imagery in an artistic work since it is integrally conne cted with the poetic vision of the world. Of all tropes, metaphor is the most expressive one for it may draw closer or bring together in one synthetic image incompatible objects and phenomena, thus interpreting them in a new way, revealing their essence, exposing their â€Å"inner nature† by â€Å"pulling† them out of their â€Å"automatic†, traditional perception [15, p. 69]. † Turning back to the issue of relation between metaphor and simile, it would be resonable to cite the reflection of E. Fadaee who believes metaphor to be â€Å"a kind of condensed simile that some parts of it, like topic similarity markers, are deleted to convey the meaning connotatively [30, p. 21]. † Gibb and Wales suggest that the tenor (the object to which the quality of another object is transferred) that is preceeded by a definite article or possessive pronoun is common among items assigned the simile form, whereas metaphor is assigned to the items with no definite arti cle.The scholars also believe that simile seems to be preferred in the case of concrete vehicle (the object from which a quality is transferred to another object), whereas metaphor is preferred for abstract vehicle  [qtd. in 35, p. 199]. Simile and metaphor are distinguished not only with regard to structural aspect but also semantic one. Simile is more semantically specified: it indicates the sign of resemblance; metaphor only implies this sign. A. Morokhovsky considers that simile indicates the transitory feature, even occasional, unlike metaphor, which indicates permanent feature [17, p. 176]. Metaphors have been categorized in different ways depending on the aspect taken as the basis of classification.The most widespread is the classification of metaphors according to the degree of unexpectedness, which divides them into genuine (also called stylistic, fresh, original, poetic, imaginative, or speech) metaphors and trite (dead, stale, hackneyed, or language) metaphors. Trite me taphors are word-combinations once metaphorically fresh, which in consequence of long usage have lost their expressiveness and became ordinary entries in dictionaries, e. g. apple of eye. Genuine metaphors are coined by the writer's imagination and are always fresh and striking, e. g. â€Å"   [38, p. 209]. † The stylistic function of genuine metaphor is twofold: 1) it evokes images and suggests analogies/associations; 2) it reveals the author's emotional attitude towards what he describes.Poetic metaphor is likely to appeal to a certain image. While uncovering the essence of verbal images, R. Zorivchak emphasizes that they constitute the basis of any artistic text making it more appealing, picturesque and aesthetically beautiful and, at the same time, increasing the cognitive value of a literary work. Of particular importance is the cognitive and expressive loading of verbal image, which contributes to realization of the author’s intention [8, p. 51-53]. Besides exp ressiveness, metaphors also differ in their form. They can be single (one-word) or extended (a collocation, an idiom, a senrence, a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text).There is a tendency in artistic literature to use metaphor combined with other tropes, thus it would be relevant to look into the issue of metaphor in its relationship with other stylistic devices. As N. Kozhevnikova observes, comparative tropes, which also include metaphors of different types, are closely interrelated. One sense connection can be expressed by different concrete utterances, e. g. ; , ; ; ; , etc. Poetical language is characterized by a great amount of varying stylistic devices. Such reversibility of tropes is a means of refreshment of trite metaphors, e. g. decomposition into constituing elements and transformation of metaphor into simile [9, p. 146].The combination of simile and metaphor is an effective device for semantic cohesion of an artistic text: first simile is used and then (sometimes after several phrases or words) the vehicle of the simile is used as that of metaphor [15, p. 71]. For example, â€Å"And then my vision fell upon the seven tall candles upon the table. At first they wore the aspect of charity, and seemed white and slender angels who would save me; but then, all at once, there came a most deadly nausea over my spirit, and I felt every fibre in my frame thrill as if I had touched the wire of a galvanic battery, while the angel forms became meaningless spectres, with heads of flame, and I saw that from them there would be no help [39, p. 102]. † A. Morokhovskyi mentions such trope as simile-metaphor based on metaphorical transference [17, p. 175], e. g. â€Å"the gossamer web of some dream [39, p. 102]. †An important aspect of researching the nature of metaphor concerns the problems arising in the process of its translation. â€Å"Since a metaphor in source language is, by definition, a semantic novelty, it can clearly have no existing â€Å"equivalence† in target language [29, p. 24]. † The adequate translation presupposes the rendition of stylistic and expressive nuances of the original and should follow the criteria of 1) verbal correspondence of the created image, 2) preservation of the image intended in the original, and 3) preservation of the conceptual grounding for the verbal metaphor [26, ?. 186]. Different approaches have been proposed with regard to metaphor translation, each looking into the problem from a different point of view. R.Van Den Broeck suggested to use the following modes of translating metaphors: 1) translation sensu stricto (both source language tenor and vehicle are transferred into target language); 2) substitution (source language vehicle is replaced by a different target language vehicle with more or less the same tenor; in this case source language and target language vehicles may be considered translational equivalents in that they share common tenor); 3) pa raphrase (source language metaphor is rendered by a non-metaphorical expression in target language; as a result, target language expression comes up to the level of a commentary rather than of actual translation [27, p. 77].Although personification is sometimes treated as a separate stylistic device, it is a metaphor in its essence since the image creation is based on metaphoric substitution. According to K. Lototska, personification is â€Å"a metaphor in which abstract ideas or inanimate objects (tenor) are identified with persons (vehicle), i. e. are given human characteristics [15, p. 75]. † Personification is considered to be a very poverful stylistic device because everything that concerns a man appears to be the most important to him, thus when the human properties, people's typical qualities and actions are transferred onto inanimate objects, the later begin to assume the utmost importance.The main problem of rendering personification in translation consists in the fa ct that the gender of personificated nouns in the source language and target language may not coincide. It poses a challenge for a translator when the personificated images of the original are based on the opposition of masculine and feminine gender nouns and in the translation the corresponding nouns do not create such opposition. Personification may be also individual, without opposition of genders. N. Homon believes that in order to overcome the difficulties in the process of rendering personification into target text lexical substitutes, which allow topreserve the image, are possible [5, p. 40].Thus, poetical metaphor is characterized by significant expressive potential based on transference of some quality from one object to another. Metaphor is clamed to be the most expressive trope which evokes images, reveals the author's emotional attitude towards what he describes and helps to realize the writer's intention. The principal classification of this trope is based on the degree of unexpectedness, which devides all metaphors into trite and genuine. The stylistic device can be expressed by different syntactic structures and tends to be accompanied or combined with other tropes in artistic text. Among the methods applied to metaphor in the process of translation the most common are translation sensu stricto, substitution and paraphrase. CHAPTER 2. E. A.POE'S SHORT STORY THE PIT AND THE PENDULUM AND THE REPRODUCTION OF ITS EMOTION CREATING LEXICO-STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION BY R. DOTSENKO 2. 1. Characteristic features of E. A. Poe's short story The Pit and the Pendulum. The Pit and the Pendulum is a short story written by Edgar Allan Poe, an American author, poet, editor and literary critic best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre. It was first published in 1842 in the literary annual The Gift: A Christmas and New Year's Present for 1843. The story is about the torments endured by a Spanish Inquisition prisoner, who describes his experience of being tortured. This particular piece of literature by E. A.Poe differs significantly from the rest of the author's works in the fact that it is especially effective at inspiring fear in the reader because of its heavy focus on the senses emphasizing the reality of the story, unlike other Poe's short stories which are aided by the supernatural. Despite its small size, the story abounds in stylistic devices, namely epithets (44 samples), similes (18 samples) and mataphors (12 samples). The stylistic devices used by the author are aimed to express emotions of the narrator and, accordingly, convey the atmosphere of interrogation and torture. As one would expect, emotions which are being created by the above mentioned stylistic device in the story under research are negative and dark in their nature. The most clearly can be traced emotions of horror, disgust and desperation.While conveying emotion of horror with the help of stylistic devices, the author makes use of verba l means refering to the sphere of the otherworld and that of evil spirits, e. g. â€Å"All sensations appeared swallowed up in a mad rushing descent as of the soul into Hades[39, p. 102]. † The emotion of disgust is produced by means of tropes composed of verbal means already containing the seme of this emotion in their semantic structure, e. g. â€Å"The entire surface of this metallic enclosure was rudely daubed in all the hideous and repulsive devices to which the charnel superstition of the monks has given rise [39, p. 106]†. In creating emotion of desperation E. A.Poe avails of stylistic devices comprising words which convey vagueness, powerlessness, or desperate effort, e. g. â€Å"At length, with a wild desperation at heart, I quickly unclosed my eyes [39, p. 103]. † Lexico-stylistic devices of the story are the main and major means for creation of negative emotions intended by the author and create the overall atmosphere of the litersry work. Therefore, an adecuate reproduction of tropes is essential, as far as expressive and emotive verbal means combined in emphatic structures of different stylistic devices acquire greater expressive potential. 2. 2. The reproduction of emotion creating epithets, similes and metaphors of the short story by E. A. Poe in the Ukrainian translation by R. Dotsenko. â€Å"And then there stole into my fancy, like a rich musical note, the thought of what sweet rest there must be in the grave [39, p. 102]. † * â€Å"? , , , - [38, p. 208]. † The epithet in the example above conveys the emotion of strong horror. Instinct for self-preservation is inherent in human nature, as well as fear of death, but the main character is already so much exhausted by the very long waiting for upcoming torture that even death for him seems to be a pleasant escape. Obviously, the torture in the story consists not in physical torment but in psychological pressure on the victim, whichis more harmful and unbearable as the development of the plot shows.The epithet construction is paradoxal since it uncovers extraordinary view on traditional lie of the land and, consequently, bears a tinge of irony, especially if to take into consideration that the narrator describes the events after he already overcame the danger and survived. R. Dotsenko's epithet construction can be considered as a full equivalent to the original one as far as both cnostructions are equal not only in general content but also in componential structure and stylistic, emotional and expressive shades. The transformation of original place modifier (consisting from preposition and noun) into adjective in translation is quite justifiable as it makes translation sound smoothly and with abandon. * â€Å"All sensations appeared swallowed up in a mad rushing descent as of the soul into Hades [39, p. 102]. * â€Å" , , ? [38, p. 208]. † As it was mentioned in Chapter I, different stylistic devices often ac company and complement each other in literary work, thus producing enhanced emotional effect. The example above constitutes a complex image of horror consisting of metaphor (descent is personified by way of transferrence on it of living being characteristic denoted by phrasal verb swallow up) and epithets and simile which vivify its tenor. It is essential to mention that metaphor makes it possible for readers to cognize the notions belonging to the sphere of abstractions, that is why metaphor as a stylistic device is especially helpful in conveying emotions.The personification was preserved by the translator and, what is more, made more explicit due to elimination of preposition inand use of active voice instead of passive as in the original. The simile complementing the metaphor contains allusion to Greek mythology where Hades is an underworld containing â€Å"the Plain of Asphodel, where the ghosts of the dead led a vague, unsubstantial life, a shadowy continuation of their forme r life  [45,  p. 172]. † The term hades is also used in the Septuagint (the ancient translation of the Old Testament into Greek) referring to the abode of the dead in general rather than the abode of the wicked. It has little if any relation to afterlife rewards or punishments.The Ukrainian term (English equivalent to which will be hell) is defined in the dictionary as â€Å" , [41, v. 6, p. 111]. † Thereby R. Dotsenko replaced the vehicle of the simile with different one which may be considered more exspressive in terms of conveying horror. The allusion to Greek mythology was conveyed partially through the substitution of original tenor of the metaphor descent with in translation since â€Å"the land of the dead was separated from the land of the living by one of the rivers of Hades, the Styx or the Acheron across which the dead were ferried [45, p. 172]. † Thus, explicit allusion of the original became implicit in the translation. â€Å"Then, ve ry suddenly, thought, and shuddering terror, and earnest endeavor to comprehend my true state [39, p. 103]. † * â€Å"? – , , , ? ?  [38,  p. 209]. † In the above example the author calls up to the reader's mind the emotion of horror by using the noun terror and intensifies its denotative meaning with epithet shuddering (as an adjective from shudder which is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"to shake because you are cold or frightened, or because of a strong feeling [43, p. 1360]†). This is a good example of transferred epithet as far as not the terror itself shudders but the person who is experiencing this emotion. In translation R.Dotsenko substituted the original epithet by the word which has direct meaning â€Å" ; , † and transferred one, â€Å" , , [41, v. 6, p. 113]. † Thus, in the original the striking effect was achieved by using originally logical attribute generally describing the state of a human being for referr ing to an abstract phenomenon, while in the translation the analogous effect was created due to intertwinement of direct and transferred meanings of the word. Although semantically the translated epithet is not equivalent to the original one, it produces the same effect intended by the writer.This fact affords the ground for regarding the translation in the given case adequate since accuracy in the translation of artistic literature is achieved not by means of direct translation but due to deviations and appropriate substitutions which ensure the appropriate rendering of the author's ideas and intent. * â€Å"A slight noise attracted my notice, and, looking to the floor, I saw several enormous rats traversing it. They had issued from the well, which lay just within view to my right. Even then, while I gazed, they came up in troops, hurriedly, with ravenous eyes, allured by the scent of the meat [39, p. 106]. † * â€Å" , ?, , ? , ? , ? , . ? , ? †“, , ?' [38, p. 214]. †In this excerpt the author characterizes rats by using transferred epithet construction ravenous eyes and modifying construction allured by the scent of the meat; besides, the mode of rats' travelling is characterised by epithet in form of adverb hurriedly. The translator desided to refer all three epithets to the actualizator of the trope, rats (for this reason he changed adverb into adjective and eliminated the actualizator eyes in the transferred epithet construction). Consequently, in the translation a chain of homogeneous members-epithets was formed, which created an effect of gradation with culmination in the last element. This gradation can be considered as a compensation for the effect created by the heterogeneity of epithet chain in the original, and especially, the expressiveness of the transferred epithet construction. â€Å"These colors had now assumed, and were momentarily assuming, a startling and most intense brilliancy, that gave to the spectral and fiendish portraitures an aspect that might have thrilled even firmer nerves than my own [39, p. 109]. † * â€Å" , ? , ? , ? , ?   [38,  p. 219]. † Dealing with translation of the first epithet construction in the above excerpt R. Dotsenko substituted epithets expressed by adjectives startling and most intense by combination of epithets expressed by means of adverb and adjective .The translation was made with regard to the overall imagery of the literary work which abounds in verbal means denoting phenomena related to religious conceptions of hell and evil spirits. Besides, the word combination immediately brings to mind the image of the rousing and burning hell-fire which is considered to be the scariest and the most intense one. Thus, the translation is adequate since the translated variant harmoniously fits the imagery of the translated literary work and conveys the the author's intent being loaded with emotional expressiv eness. The second epithet construction the spectral and fiendish portraitures was handled with ease. With regard to the core of the trope, R. Dotsenko applied calque translation having conveyed both denotative and connotative sense layers.The word portraitures was rendered as which has suitable denotative meaning in the given context and also has no connotations as well as the original activator of the trope. Thus, the whole epithet construction was translated adequatly. * â€Å"These shadows of memory tell, indistinctly, of tall figures that lifted and bore me in silence down– down– still down – till a hideous dizziness oppressed me at the mere idea of the interminableness of the descent [39, p. 103]. † * â€Å" , ? , , , , -   [38,  p. 209]. †In this example R. Dotsenko split the original epithet construction and translated the noun dizziness by means of verb ; both words share the same denotative meaning. Further i n the nearest context the epithet construction was compensated for by adding epithet , which is fully equivalent to hideous, to the word . The emotion of disgust thereby was preserved in the translated utterance. * â€Å"They tell also of a vague horror at my heart, on account of that heart's unnatural stillness [39, p. 103]. † * â€Å" , , , , ? [38, p. 09]. † The epithet in the above original sentence describes the horror which is just spawning in the face of something unknown and obscure. The epithet construction was translated as . The direct meaning of is â€Å" , ; †, from which originates the transferred one, â€Å" , , ; , - [41, v. 9, p. 361]. † Consequently, the form of horror in the translation is much stronger as that in the original since it is so terrible that hinders a person to think or to act, it is a kind of paralysing fear.On the one hand, the translated epithet construction is more striking in comparison to t he original one in the framework of contrastive analysis of this particular case. On the other hand, it fits perfectly the overall imagery of the story and significantly contributes to the enspiring emotion of terror. Therefore, the translation is still considered as adequate. * â€Å"At length, with a wild desperationat heart, I quickly unclosed my eyes [39, p. 103]. † * â€Å" ? , ? [38, p. 209]. † This is a bright example of partial epithet equivalents. The original epithet construction can be literary translated as (, â€Å" , ; [41, v. 1, p. 659]†).This feeling of hopelessness was recreated by means of adjective meaning â€Å" , [41, v. 1, p. 659]. † Still this emotion as rendered in the translation is lacking amplification produced in the original by epithet wild which is used for somebody or something â€Å"lacking discipline or control [43, p. 1683]. † In other words, the original epithet construction is fully concentrated on t he emotion; epithet wild amplifes and intensifies the emotion of terror. The original construction is also followed by modifier of place at heart since humans consider heart to be the place where emotions are born, and what is from heart, that is beyond the control of reason.In the translation the focus is shifted from desperation to , the word which is purely a product of the translator's creativity. , being defined in the dictionary as â€Å", ;   [41,  v. 7, p. 252]†, fits the utterance and relates to the quick move of unclosing eyes. Thus, given epithet costructions are partial equivalents. They differ in their componential structure but are almost equal in emotional, expressive and stylistic characteristics ensuring full adequacy of translation. * â€Å"Free! I had but escaped death in one form of agony, to be delivered unto worse than death in some other [39, p. 109]. † * â€Å"! , ? , [38, p. 219]. † The original excerpt contains simile wors e than death which contains highly expressive and negatively coloured evaluation of a form of death. The translator omitted in his translation simile comparing one form of death to other by means of comparative degree of adjective (which in its denotative meaning is more expressive than English worse and more helpful in creating emotion of horror). R. Dotsenko compensated for simile by way of adding in translation word and in this manner likening on the basis of metaphorical transferrence abstract notion of death to frightening creature.Thus, stylistic effect of original simile and its emotional loading were compensated for by translator's creative decision to introduce personification. * â€Å"It was hope – the hope that triumphs on the rack–that whispers to the death-condemned even in the dungeons of the Inquisition [39, p. 108]. † * â€Å" , , , ? [38, p. 217]. † The excerpt represents an example of personification where abstract noti on denoted by noun hope aqcuires ability to act, particularly perform actions (to thriumph and to whisper) typical of humans.This personification aims at conveying a spark of optimism which is spawning in the narrator's heart. In the English language the word hope has symbolic feminine gender, thus in this personification hope appeares as a woman supporting a man in all the hardship he undergoes. Fortunately, Ukrainian equivalent is of feminine gender as well, therefore, the image of a supportive woman was preserved. However, there were introduced two changes in the translated variant. Firstly, rack is defined in the dictionary â€Å"an instrument of torture, used in the past for punishing and hurting people. Their arms and legs were tied to the wooden frame and then pulled in opposite directions, stretching the body [43, p. 1195]. † R.Dotsenko applied method of generalization and translated rack by hyperonym . Secondly, the translator added , which still doen't harm the im age, but just expresses the tithe of comfort given to the narrator by this hope. The personification was successfully rendered into the target text. The translator managed to preserve the image as well as its expressivenes and emotive loading. * â€Å"Inch by inch – line by line –with a descent only appreciable at intervals that seemed ages– down and still down it came! [39, p. 107]† * â€Å" , , – , , , , , – ?   [38,  p. 215]. †The original simile is small and consists in exaggeration by way of comparing those relatively long intervals, at which the pendulum descended, to the big span of time which lasts for ages, and in this way conveying oppression andmoral horrorsof the narrator caused by the continued expectation of long agonizing death. R. Dotsenko retained the vehicle of the trope but shifted the tenor of the simile from intervals to . Besides, the translator introduced the ground of the simile expressed by word combination . The structure of translated simile is much more complicated than that of the original trope. The tenor stands separately in the second part of the main sentence.The part of the simile which follows a formal marker of comparion represents constitutes a full-fledged complex sentence. The original simile, on the contrary, is simple in structure and forms a part of an isolated member of a sentence. Although translated simile is not equivalent to the original one from the viewpoint of structure, it is considered to be an adequate translation substitute for the original trope since it recreates emotion of hopelessness accompanied by agonizing suspense. * â€Å"A deep sleep fell upon me –a sleep like that of death[39, p. 105]. † * â€Å"? – , ? [38, p. 213]. † In the above example the original simile underwent a few changes in the translation. Firstly, R.Dotsenko eliminates the repeated mentioning of the comparandum; instead, the translator a dds its characteristic , thereby making the ground of the simile explicit. Besides, like that of death was turned into ? . The substitution is adequate, it conveys the message of the author and creates the intended emotion of fear which emerges with mentioning all which is associated with death. However, the original simile with implicit ground leaves more space for readers' imagination since a range of various characteristics may come to their mind at the same time, thus making the original utterance more expressive than translated one. Thus, translating the simile R.Dotsenko replaced the vehicle and explained the similarity feature. Though being determined and limited by explicit gro